Catholic And Protestant Baroque Overview

Catholic And Protestant Baroque Overview The word Baroque was first applied to the art from the period of the late 1500s to the 1700s, by critics in the late nineteenth century. The word Baroque in no way though, seems to describe the art movement. In Italian the word Baroque means Tortuous medieval pedantry and Portuguese for Deformed pearl. Regardless, Baroque , is primarily associated with religious tensions within Western Christianity, spanning a 200 year time span. A divide had began in the Catholic church and the outcome would see the creation of a new offset of Christianity. In 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. By 1520, Luther has been excommunicated and began a protest movement against the Catholic church. This protest movement would later be called Protestantism. Luther believed that the layperson, or someone who is not a clergyman, was being distanced from the church and understanding the scripture. He advocated hymns as a better way to communicate hard to understand mysteries of the church and made music an integral part of Protestant church services (evansville.edu). The Catholics in response convened the Council of Trent to discuss and consider Luthers Theses. In 1563 the council finished their work and made art an integral part of the process of helping the layperson to understand the scripture. Through a visual and emotional display of the church through art, they hoped to influence as many people as possible to remain faithful to the Catholic Church. This was not only through the funding of paintings, but also in the commissioning of churches with enormous domes, swirling forms, huge spiraled columns, multicolored marble and lavish murals. This new program of renewal, or counter reformation, would see the church commission all types of work that would be both doctrinally correct visually appealing, and emotionally appealing. This unique style, later referred to as Baroque, would start in Italy, but as the century progressed the style would make inroads into the Protestant countries. Baroque would become a style in which painters, sculptors an d architects rummage emotion, movement and variety in their works. The Protestant reformation would be a refresher course on the reality of life for the individual. This would change with the advances of the counter reformation, as the mood of middle age art once again found expression. The mystical, the abstract and the dominance of color over form would serve as an emotional stimulus for everyday people to reconsider the advantage of Catholicism. For some artists this transformation would be easy. The reformation had caused a separation between artist and church, which in turn caused a financial crunch on the already meager living of the typical painter (rice.edu). This new visually intense form of expression took on very different characteristics in different regions of Europe. This is largely in part due to the topics covered at the Council of Trent. In Northern Europe and largely in the Netherlands, the Baroque movement took on a significantly non secular undertone. This is a result of the predominance of the Protestant faith in this region. The advances in techniques are still noticeable in different examples of the Baroque era from Protestant artists, however due to the nature of the Protestant practice the messages are drastically different. Contrary to Catholics of the time, who worshiped in lavish sanctuaries with elaborate services for mass, the Protestants experienced their faith internally. This meant that they enjoyed simple churches and took their religious messages from the bible itself, instead of the imposing Catholic Church (csun.edu). The Protestants had their Reformation and the Catholics had their Counter Reformation. While the Catholics needed to attract viewers with religious art that more significantly impacted onlookers, Protestants would respond with a lack of religious art. Instead they would concentrate, for example, on genre paintings that taught their viewers moral lessons. Compositions from both tended to have more open space. Objects and scenes were in a state of motion to create emotion. They either came out as the viewer or something could fall on the viewer. The motion of these pieces was created through circular or diagonal compositions. On going at this time was a general knowledge that the Earth was in motion, which was a giant conceptual leap to show this aspect of life in art. Some characteristics of baroque was an attention to exact, naturalistic details. Spatial values, such as deep space, fooling the eye and objects being pushed into the viewers space. An integration of architecture, sculpt ure and painting. Stories being portrayed would seem to happen in the space and time of the viewer (smcvt.edu ). One of the more influential Catholic Baroque artists of the time was Caravaggio. His influence on the art of his century would be significant. One of Caravaggios masterpieces is The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (albany.edu). In it three dishonest characters, their faces concealed or turned away, are drawing, dragging and thrusting the cross to which Peter is nailed by the feet with his head put down. The Saint Peter, as portrayed by Caravaggio, cannot be called a martyr. Instead he is an old man, suffering from pang and in fear of death. The obscure, impermeable background attracts the viewers gaze back again to the keenly illuminated people, who remind us that the death of the apostle did not look like a heroic drama, but a hapless and humiliating execution. In Caravaggios The Conversion of Saint Paul (albany.edu), Saint Paul is seen rolling around in the dirt of an old stable This attacked both the prevailing ideas about painting as well as offending the religious sensibilities of the church. Caravaggio sought a way to bring the Catholic faith down from the heavens and make it relevant to the everyday man on the street. Through his paintings he wanted to create a convincing copy of the optical world and use this as a vehicle of spiritual meaning. His so called dark manner would be influential to all later Baroque painting. One of the few northern Europe protestant artists to create religious paintings was Rembrandt. He was from protestant Holland and is well remember for creating about 60 self portraits. Biblical subjects accounted for one third of his entire production. This is quite rare for the Protestant North of the seventeenth century, for church patronage was nonexistent and religious art was not regarded as important. His famous painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son (tiu.edu), was finished shortly before his death in 1669. There is a sense of great tragedy as you gaze upon this work. The contrast between the light and the dark, the two mysterious figures that appear dimly in the background, the woman behind the father and the dishevelment of the younger brother, all contribute to this sense of tragedy. The Baroque styles of Protestant Northern Europe and predominantly Italian Catholic artists are stylistically similar. This comes as no surprise since the techniques originated in Italy. The most notable distinction between the two styles is not the artistic tendencies, but rather the motives or message being conveyed through the paintings. The Catholic Baroque style included vivid imagery that displayed vigorous emotion and incited emotion in those that viewed it. While the Protestant Baroque style used many similar, if not the same techniques; portrayed uniquely intrinsic emotion felt by the artist and brought about emotion not so much through dramatic stimulation, as through sympathetic understanding. The fundamental difference between Protestant Baroque and Catholic Baroque is that Protestant Baroque painters convey subjects in ways that portray the artists personal emotion; while Catholic Baroque painters conveyed visually entertaining and captivating imagery in order to evoke e motions from the person viewing the image.

The War between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I Essay exa

Why did War break out between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I? On the 14th of May 1264, the forces of Simon de Montfort, Gloucester and the Londoners were set arrayed against the loyalist forces of King Henry III, Richard of Cornwall and Prince Edward (later to become King Edward I). The loyalists suffered a massive defeat at this Battle of Lewes and among those captured, aside from Richard of Cornwall and perhaps the King (Prestwich indicates the unsure nature of the King's capture 46), were the northern barons (Scottish lords) of Balliol, Bruce and Comyn. (Jenks 132) Prince Edward also became a hostage as part of an exchange after the battle. These same men who fought together and were held captive by the de Montforts would war against each other thirty years later. King Edward I (whom will be referred to as Edward) was not set on instigating a war against Scotland, nor were any of these Scottish lords interested in battling against such a formidable opponent as England. So why did war occur if none of these men were initially motivated for wa r? A series of unfortunate, but potent events led to the chrysalis of war, which was then allowed to grow and fully develop into a war by the specific actions of individuals. This essay will attempt to draw attention to many of the events which gave rise to war and investigate the complex nature of the individuals who in the end caused war through their acts (intentional and non-intentional). During Henry III's reign the baronial reform movement was renewed once again. The Provisions of Oxford attempted, among other reforms, to "reform the household of the king and queen" (Baker 10), which undoubtedly included the household of the King and Queen's son, Edward. This le... ...tic Scotland and the Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1997) Vickers, K. H. A History of England: (Volume III) England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1937). Webster, B. Scotland from the Eleventh Century to 1603 (London, 1975) *All primary documents from this text come with this preface in mind (especially that which I have bolded): In this volume, as in its predecessor, I have tried to keep both footnotes and editorial comment to a minimum, the only real problem occurring with documents written in the emerging literary English of the period. With most of these I have used modern versions, but one or two I have left in the original, to instance the spelling and form of the language. With these some notes have been necessary, but by and large they are intelligible with a little effort, and should be interesting to read. Such mistakes, as exist are of course, mine.

Comparing Floods

Compare Floods in LEDC and MEDC I am going to discuss two case studies regarding floods. One of my case studies is of Cocker mouth, this is a town in England exposed to floods this is my case study of an MEDC. My other case study is the LEDC in which I talk about Bangladesh. Cocker mouth is situated in the Lake District in England. England is an MEDC and this area experienced vast ranges of flooding during late November. The town lies among the confluence of two rivers that leave it prone to flooding.The two rivers are the Derwent and Cocker. 320mm of rainfall fell in under 24 hours and this was a predicted fall which took the town by surprise. The River Cocker burst its banks after a 2. 5 metre rise in the river water level; this was a major contribution to the flooding as well as the poor preparation of the towns flood defences. Bangladesh is an LEDC bordering the Indian Ocean and it lies at the forefront of the Ganges Delta. The country is low – lying and most of its land i s 12m below sea level.Floods here have recently become stronger. During the arrival of Cyclone Aila flood waters burst the delta causing storm surges of 10 metres! The floods in both Carlisle and Bangladesh caused a lot of problems for both areas. However in contrast, the MEDC (Carlisle) suffered less from the consequences, whereas, the LEDC (Bangladesh) was affected much worse. Heavy rainfall of 200mm fell over Carlisle in a 36 hour period. The constant rainfall increased runoff because soil became saturated, this runoff ended up flowing into the river Eden.Because Carlisle is a largely urban area, concrete ground made from impermeable materials meant that surface runoff increased. There was a lot of discharge from the River Eden which reached 1520 cumecs. In contrast the Bangladeshi volume of precipitation was much higher so the floods were much worse. Very heavy rainfall amounting to 900mm fell over the month of July. Soils all over Bangladesh became saturated, this increased run off into rivers such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra. Snow melted from glaciers in the Himalayas this also increased discharge into rivers.The highest discharge for both of the biggest rivers in the area peaked at the same time, downstream discharge increased hugely. In Carlisle there was less social impact, 3 people died which is minimal compared to the 2000 deaths in Bangladesh. This is a very large amount of people and losing that many people creates a big social impact. 3000 people were made homeless in Carlisle, this is a very large amount of people, they were temporarily re – sheltered and have been re – homed since. In Bangladesh 25 million people were made homeless, many still haven’t been re – homed even in 2012. schools were flooded in the area but for people living in an MEDC there is likely to be more resources of learning available to them e. g. internet and more education centres in other parts of the country. 44 education institutions were de stroyed in Bangladesh, this being a large amount means it is much harder to find other resources for educational purpose, and many people would have to go without it as it is not economically viable for poorer people in LEDCs to move into different parts of the country. 50 businesses were shut down and must have been relocated and 70,000 houses lost power, there was minimal infrastructural damage therefore repairs to the Carlisle area would not have been too expensive compared to the large scale damage in Bangladesh, factories had to shut down so large scale business went down bringing economy to a halt, 112,000 houses were completely destroyed and whole rivers in that area were polluted. The main social effect in Carlisle was the loss of homes and education centres, in Bangladesh it was the loss of homes, education centres and widespread of water borne disease.The main economic problem in Carlisle was that the shops and local businesses on the area had to shut down as they had to e vacuate, in Bangladesh many areas would have become redundant with major business corporations such as TNCs having to be shut down as many factories were destroyed. The main environmental problem in Carlisle was that the sewage overflowed therefore the streets would have been effected and the surrounding area also, in Bangladesh the Rivers became poisoned by sewage and majority of water supplies in the area became undrinkable.In conclusion Carlisle in an MEDC had a less severe flood and because of its more affluent built up area people were affected in less of a tragic manner. Bangladesh LEDC was affected more and the and the outcome was more disastrous. In conclusion, it is apparent that both the MEDC and the LEDC experienced a variety of impacts producing a multiple chain of cost however impact severity was clearly more drastic in the case Bangladesh as it is an LEDC and its emergency plans and general infrastructure is less developed compared to England (MEDC).

John kerry essays

John kerry essays This years Presidential Election is approaching fast, and the polls are closer than ever. This election should prove to be one of the most historic elections in recent memory. John Kerry, who is running for President, plans to make America a more powerful and unified country. The economy, education, and health care are important issues to be looked into for this years election. To lead the United States in solving homeland issues, John Kerry is the best candidate in the 2004 Presidential Election. To begin with, John Kerry and John Edwards are confident that creating more jobs in America will make the economy improve. According to the official John Kerry Website, Kerry Edwards Incorporated, September 28, 2004, it states that Americans are working harder, but earning less. Society is paying for health care, college, taxes, and corporate profits are soaring. The government keeps expanding, but the opportunities for our middle class are decreasing. As President, John Kerry claims he will cut taxes for businesses that create jobs here in America instead of moving employment overseas. Both John Kerry and John Edwards will also stand up for workers by enforcing our trade agreements. Also, when John Kerry is elected for President, middle class taxes will go down. Statistics show that ninety-eight percent of all Americans, and ninety-nine percent of American Businesses will get a tax cut under the Kerry-Edwards plan. Moreover, the Kerry plan is to cut the deficit in half during his first four years in office. When he discovers new ideas, he plans to contribute to the citizens on how he will pay for the new discoveries. Furthermore, today the businesses are finding new technology to manufacture energy-efficient cars, high-grades steel, advanced plastics, and other new products. Among all the new ideas with cars, John Kerry claims that when good paying jobs are created, it shows that America is stronger, and the...

Feminist Literary Criticism Defined

Feminist Literary Criticism Defined Feminist literary criticism (also known as feminist criticism) is the literary analysis that arises from the viewpoint of feminism, ​feminist theory, and/or feminist politics. Critical Methodology A feminist literary critic resists traditional assumptions while reading a text. In addition to challenging assumptions which were thought to be universal, feminist literary criticism actively supports including womens knowledge in literature and valuing womens experiences. The basic methods of feminist literary criticism include: Identifying with female characters: By examining the way female characters are defined, critics challenge the male-centered outlook of authors. Feminist literary criticism suggests that women in literature have been historically presented as objects seen from a male perspective.Reevaluating literature and the world in which literature is read: By revisiting the classic literature, the critic can question whether society has predominantly valued male authors and their literary works because it has valued males more than females. Embodying or Undercutting Stereotypes Feminist literary criticism recognizes that literature both reflects and shapes stereotypes and other cultural assumptions.  Thus, feminist literary criticism examines how works of literature embody patriarchal attitudes or undercut them, sometimes both happening within the same work. Feminist theory and various forms of feminist critique began long before the formal naming of the school of literary criticism. In so-called first-wave feminism, the Womans Bible, written in the late 19th century by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, is an example of a work of criticism firmly in this school, looking beyond the more obvious male-centered outlook and interpretation. PhotoQuest / Getty Images During the period of second-wave feminism, academic circles increasingly challenged the male literary canon. Feminist literary criticism has since intertwined with postmodernism and increasingly complex questions of gender and societal roles. Tools of the Feminist Literary Critic Feminist literary criticism may bring in tools from other critical disciplines, such as historical analysis, psychology, linguistics, sociological analysis, economic analysis, for instance.  Feminist criticism may also look at intersectionality, looking at how factors including race, sexuality, physical ability, and class are also involved. Feminist literary criticism may use any of the following methods: Deconstructing the way that women characters are described in novels, stories, plays, biographies, and histories, especially if the author is maleDeconstructing how ones own gender influences how one reads and interprets a text, and which characters and how the reader identifies depending on the readers genderDeconstructing how women autobiographers and biographers of women treat their subjects, and how biographers treat women who are secondary to the main subjectDescribing relationships between the literary text and ideas about power and sexuality and genderCritique of patriarchal or woman-marginalizing language, such as a universal use of the masculine pronouns he and himNoticing and unpacking differences in how men and women write: a style, for instance, where women use more reflexive language and men use more direct language (example: she let herself in vs. he opened the door)Reclaiming women writers who are little known or have been marginalized or undervalued, sometimes referre d to as expanding or criticizing the canon- the usual list of important authors and works  (Examples include raising up the contributions of early playwright ​Aphra Behn, showing how she was treated differently than male writers from her own time forward, and the retrieval of Zora Neale Hurstons writing by Alice Walker.) Reclaiming the female voice as a valuable contribution to literature, even if formerly marginalized or ignoredAnalyzing multiple works in a genre as an overview of a feminist approach to that genre: for example, science fiction or detective fictionAnalyzing multiple works by a single author (often female)Examining how relationships between men and women and those assuming male and female roles are depicted in the text, including power relationsExamining the text to find ways in which patriarchy is resisted or could have been resisted Feminist literary criticism is distinguished from gynocriticism because feminist literary criticism may also analyze and deconstruct literary works of men. Gynocriticism Gynocriticism, or gynocritics, refers to the literary study of women as writers. It is a critical practice exploring and recording female creativity. Gynocriticism attempts to understand women’s writing as a fundamental part of female reality. Some critics now use â€Å"gynocriticism† to refer to the practice and â€Å"gynocritics† to refer to the practitioners. American literary critic Elaine Showalter coined the term gynocritics in her 1979 essay â€Å"Towards a Feminist Poetics.† Unlike feminist literary criticism, which might analyze works by male authors from a feminist perspective, gynocriticism wanted to establish a literary tradition of women without incorporating male authors. Showalter felt that feminist criticism still worked within male assumptions, while gynocriticism would begin a new phase of women’s self-discovery. Resources and Further Reading Alcott, Louisa May. The Feminist Alcott: Stories of a Womans Power. Edited by Madeleine B. Stern, Northeastern University, 1996.Barr, Marleen S. Lost in Space: Probing Feminist Science Fiction and Beyond. University of North Carolina, 1993.Bolin, Alice. Dead Girls: Essays on Surviving an American Obsession. William Morrow, 2018.Burke, Sally. American Feminist Playwrights: A Critical History. Twayne, 1996.Carlin, Deborah. Cather, Canon, and the Politics of Reading. University of Massachusetts, 1992.Castillo, Debra A. Talking Back: Toward a Latin American Feminist Literary Criticism. Cornell University, 1992.Chocano, Carina. You Play the Girl. Mariner, 2017.Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, editors. Feminist Literary Theory and Criticism: A Norton Reader. Norton, 2007.Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, editors. Shakespeares Sisters: Feminist Essays on Women Poets. Indiana University, 1993.Lauret, Maria. Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America. Routledge, 1994.Lavigne, C arlen. Cyberpunk Women, Feminism and Science Fiction: A Critical Study. McFarland, 2013. Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Penguin, 2020.Perreault, Jeanne. Writing Selves: Contemporary Feminist Autography. University of Minnesota, 1995.Plain, Gill, and Susan Sellers, editors. A History of Feminist Literary Criticism. Cambridge University, 2012.Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson, editors. De/Colonizing the Subject: The Politics of Gender in Womens Autobiography. University of Minnesota, 1992. This article was edited and with significant additions by Jone Johnson Lewis

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Essay

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Management) - Essay Example Firstly, the majority of existing inquiries studied the issue within formal organizational setting while Van Dyne and colleagues examined organizational citizenship of residents in a housing cooperative setting where roles were not influenced by traditional employee-employer work relationships. Secondly, the study not only looked at the mere relationship between collectivism and propensity to trust and OC, but also explored the process that links the antecedents to OC. Van Dyne identified one mediator (Organization-based self-esteem) and one moderator (organizational tenure) to provide insight into the process that links these antecedents with organizational citizenship. The study involved almost 1500 participants, was conducted in two stages with 6 months between them. During the first stage the authors measured collectivism, propensity to trust, organization-based self-esteem, and the control variables using specific questionnaires. The second stage was dedicated to measuring the dependent variable, organizational citizenship. The results largely supported Van Dyne’s hypotheses and demonstrated that in non-formal organizational setting individual differences between participants (collectivism and propensity to trust) have substantial influence on OC. In particular, the authors discovered that after accounting for the effects of the main control variables including national citizenship, cooperative, and in-role behavior, both hypothesized antecedents positively correlated with subsequent OCB measured six months later. Besides, the role of organizational-based self-esteem (OBSE) as valid mediator of the effects of collectivism and propensity to trust on OC was confirmed, while organizational tenure moderated the relationship between the propensity to trust and self-esteem. Interestingly, tenure was not found to moderate the relationship between collectivism and OBSE. Usefulness analysis carried

Pricing strategy of Southwest airline in the US Essay

Pricing strategy of Southwest airline in the US - Essay Example Due to intense competition from other competitors, Southwest airline should project its image carefully such that it differentiates its services from those of the competitors (Simmons, 2008). It should position itself as a point to point short haul carrier. The airline should offer separate check-in areas that offer snacks, drinks, internet access, nap rooms and even showers. While on board, a seat should be a flat bed seat that can recline to 180 degrees- parallel to the floor and one that can guarantee good sleep. The passengers should be served with menus with wide choices. More so, they should consider offering pre-order services where one can place an order before flying. Entertainment for elite business class should also be exceptional probably with a television fixed to the passenger seat or passenger offered with DVD players at will. In addition, passengers should be availed with internet access such that they can still transact businesses even when on board. Considering that everyone is cost sensitive, Southwest airlines should embrace a pricing strategy that offers competitive prices for its target market. It should not only compete with other airlines, but also with other forms of transport. For instance, a wealthy business executive may have a number of options such as either board a hired aircraft, top of range motor vehicle, or use the airline; all offering similar services, but ends up using the airline after considering the cost factor. However, the airline should ensure that it offers the facilities needed.