THe Mafia Essay example -- essays research papers

THINK THE MAFIA IS GONE? THEN THINK AGAIN. Exactly what is the Mafia? Mafia, more specifically the Italian-American Mafia, is a group of criminals organized into "families," and operating primarily in North America. Also known as La Cosa Nostra, at one time there were 26 families in the United States - roughly one for each major city. The Mafia composed of bosses of numerous families, mostly New York, was the overseeing authority for all of the other La Cosa Nostra families. New York City is the place of origin for organized crime in the United States. Currently, there are five families in the New York City outfit of the La Cosa Nostra. The five families are, the Gambinos, Genovese, Colombo, Bonanno, and Lucchese crime families. There is even a family in Denver who had its last known whereabouts in January 1999, Clarence Smaldone is still alive and considered the underboss of a two-member mob family. The most important day in most mobsters life, the day they get made and become a full member La Cosa Nostra. To become a member of the family one would have to be recommended by a Mafia member. After that they go through a ceremony this ceremony is usually done in the basement of a fellow mobsters house. The mobster is told that this is a secret society and there is one way in and one way out. You come in on your feet and you go out in a coffin. Then their is the final initiation where everybody holds hands and the boss (in Italian) says, "In honor of our brotherhood, I untie the knot," and everybody lets go. The the new made guy stands and joins hands in the circle and again the boss says, "In honor of our brotherhood, I tie the knot." Then one is at full loyalty to the Mafia. If they asked one to leave their mother while on a death bed would one come? Or if they asked one to kill your own brother, would you? One would have to or die them selves. If so which finger would you use to pull the trigger with. The Mafia has no mercy for any one just look at what happened to Joe Iannuzzi. Joe Dogs, as he was known in The Family for his love of greyhound racing, he was broken. His head was battered until its flesh puffed up around his skull, his nose was split open and crushed. His teeth were cracked. An ear dangled. His ribs were broken and his genitals swollen. This guy got ... ...d to more than $50,000,000,000 per year. The ability of organized crime to flourish in the United States rests upon several factors. One factor is the threats, intimidation, and bodily violence (including assassination) that a syndicate can bring to bear to prevent victims or witnesses (including its own members) from informing on or testifying against its activities. Jury tampering and the bribing of judges are other tactics used to prevent successful government prosecutions. Bribery and payoffs, sometimes on a systematic and far-reaching scale, are useful tools for ensuring that municipal police forces tolerate organized crime's activities. Another important contribution to the continuing prosperity of syndicate operations is that numbers rackets and other types of illegal gambling, which provide the economic base for some of the uglier forms of organized crime, are activities that many American citizens feel are not innately immoral or socially destructive and therefore deserve a certain grudging tolerance on the part of law-enforcement agencies.

Gender inequality

As such, considerations of occupational segregation and human capital theories are together not enough to understand the continued existence of a gendered income disparity. [6] The glass ceiling effect is also considered a possible contributor to the gender wage gap or income disparity. This effect suggests that gender provides significant disadvantages towards the top of Job hierarchies which become worse as a person's career goes on. The term glass ceiling implies that invisible or artificial barriers exist which prevent women from advancing within their Jobs or receiving promotions.These barriers exist in spite of the achievements or qualifications of the women and still exist when other characteristics that are Job-relevant such as experience, education, and abilities are controlled for. The inequality effects of the glass ceiling are more prevalent within higher-powered or higher income occupations, with fewer women holding these types of occupations. The glass ceiling effect al so indicates the limited chances of women for income raises and promotion or advancement to more prestigious positions or Jobs.As women are prevented by these artificial barriers, from either eceiving Job promotions or income raises, the effects of the inequality of the glass ceiling increase over the course of a woman's career. [10] Statistical discrimination is also cited as a cause for income disparities and gendered inequality in the workplace. Statistical discrimination indicates the likelihood of employers to deny women access to certain occupational tracks because women are more likely than men to leave their Job or the labor force when they become married or pregnant.Women are instead given positions that dead-end or Jobs that have very little mobility. [4] In Third World countries such as the Dominican Republic, female ntrepreneurs are statistically more prone to failure in business. In the event of a business failure women often return to their domestic lifestyle despite t he absence of income. On the other hand, men tend to search for other employment as the household is not a priority. [11] The gender earnings ratio suggests that there has been an increase in women's earnings comparative to men.Men's plateau in earnings began after the 1970s, allowing for the increase in women's wages to close the ratio between incomes. Despite the smaller ratio between men and women's wages, disparity still exists Census data suggests that women's earnings are 7 percent of men's earnings in 1999. [7] The gendered wage gap varies in its width among different races. Whites comparatively have the greatest wage gap between the genders. With whites, women earn 78% of the wages that white men do.With African Americans, women earn 90% of the wages that African American men do. With people of Hispanic origin, women earn 88% of the wages that men of Hispanic origin do. There are some exceptions where women earn more than men: According to a survey on gender pay inequality b y the International Trade Union Confederation, emale workers in the Gulf state of Bahrain earn 40 per cent more than male workers. [12] Professional education and careers[edit] The gender gap also appeared to narrow considerably beginning in the mid-1960s. Gender Inequality 11. ‘Women will never enjoy the same rights as men. ‘ Do you agree? We live in a world full of changes. In the past, women have been disgraced and were treated as lower class. A woman had no authority, no say and no rights to make a decision. Their duty at home was just cooking meal, cleaning the house, taking care of children and many things like these. However in today's world, the status of women is at a high level not only in the family aspect but also in the business area when compared to the past.I believe that women have progressed in their status quo but to a larger extent, but it is true that women will never enjoy the same rights as men as in many societies, women have yet to achieve gender equality as men are still generally dominant. Some basic right women should receive, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right t o food, the right to work, and the right to education have been achieved but not all, especially not when compared to men.In some workplace, wage discrimination still exists as women are not allowed the same pay as men who are of similar ranks to them. The root of this problem is to society, a woman should be at home, taking care of children and not out there in the working world. The income difference maybe expected to serve as a deterrence to women, encouraging them to remain as housewife. However, this mindset is starting to change. Vice versa, men are starting to accept the fact that they too, do play a role in bringing up and caring more for their children and this gives rise to a new role named ‘househusbands'.Statistics have also proven so. Worldwide, women work two thirds of the world’s working hours and produce half of the world’s food yet women only earn 10 percent of the world’s income and own less than 1 percent of the world’s property. Moreover, in Forbes 2009 top richest people in the world, the only female that came close to the top ten was Alice Walton whose wealth was not even earned by herself but an inheritance from her family. It is clearly illustrated that although women have been given economic rights, the playing field in the workplace is still not level.People still think that a woman’s role is ultimately as the housewife and not the one with a successful career or the one who is able to help the company advance. Therefore, women have enjoyed more rights than before but women will never enjoy the same rights as men as society has been structured such that women are tasked as caregivers of the family. In many countries, the issue on gender inequality still exists. Many women were not given their even dignity.While 2012 ended with the death of the 23-year-old paramedic student, who died fighting wounds sustained fighting off her rapists in a moving bus in the Indian capital of Delhi, it has invoked the issue of gender inequality in India. The outcry over the Delhi gang-rape has sparked a furious debate on the horrors that confront women in India. While the debate has put a spotlight on the inadequacies in India’s rape laws and policing, and exposed misogynist Indian â€Å"leaders†, the deep-rooted sexual inequality in the country that lies at the root of the misogyny and sexual violence has not received the attention it deserves. Gender Inequality I chose to write Toulmin Essay proposal about gender inequality in the work place. The Toulmin Essay next week will be about gender inequality in society. Gender inequality in the work place is a small component of the larger picture of com/is-patriarchy-the-main-cause-of-gender-inequality/">gender inequality in society. There are several ways in which women have been discriminated against in the workplace over the years. From the very start of the hiring process women have had to face animosity and repression in the corporate world.Women had to have more experience and better credentials than equivalent male applicants if they hoped to even get a second glance. And though there has been significant improvement in some areas, the job market still remains prejudice toward women in various forms. One of the things that have changed some since women first became part of the work force is the willingness of employers to hire female employees. Women used to have to fight much harder to pr ove their competence, and, even then they rarely secured high level positions.It is becoming more common to see women in some of these high level positions now, but they still have to sacrifice much more than the men do to get to the top and have to work harder to stay there. The most predominate way in which women feel the inequality of gender discrimination is the gross difference in the pay they receive compared to men. Women in every industrialized society around the world are paid far less for performing the same tasks as their male counterparts. The gap is profound –â€Å"on average, women in the United States earn only 68% of what men are paid (206),† and that number has remained consistent throughout the years.Although some of the gap is due to the type of fields’ men and women choose to pursue, discrimination also plays a huge role. It used to be societies view that men should support their families and women should be at home care for the house and the kids. That concept carries over into the business world in a few ways. Employers feared hiring women for long term positions out of fear they would leave once they got married and had children, or the affect that caring for children would have on job performance (â€Å"the child penalty)†.Because of these outside responsibilities women were seen as being less committed to their careers, so employers saw them as more of a liability to the company than an asset. This, along with the idea that men have better leadership skills, and women were better in â€Å"support services like human resources or public relations,† women were rarely offered promotions to top ranking positions (especially those positions like sales and marketing that affect the bottom line and are stereotypically male).Once they reach a particular point on the corporate ladder they hit the glass ceiling and are stuck where as the men seem to have no limits whatsoever. More frustrating than the limitatio ns women face in the â€Å"male† job market is the biased treatment they receive even within the fields that are considered to be famine (such as nursing, teachers, librarian, etc. ) When men pursue careers in these types of areas, they are not met with a criticizing stigma,and their capabilities are not questioned like women’s are.Men never experience hitting the glass ceiling whatever their career choice might be. In fact, they experience the exact opposite! Even in traditionally female dominated jobs, men are shown favoritism. They get more offers for higher level positions and higher salaries to start, and they are given better benefits, hours, and work assignments, and they move up the lines faster than their women coworkers on what is called the glass escalator. Even though the inequality between genders is gradually decreasing, there is still a lot of work that needs to be done.Women are becoming the sole source of income in many homes because of the dynamics of the changing society. Shrinking the wage gap and continue to dispel the stereotypes that surround women is necessary. Encouraging our young women to pursue education and training is one solution. By encouraging our young people to do this, and the more qualified females there are out in the job market to fill these high level positions, the more pressure employers will feel to hire them and society’s views and beliefs will slowly begin to evolve with the times. Gender Inequality 11. ‘Women will never enjoy the same rights as men. ‘ Do you agree? We live in a world full of changes. In the past, women have been disgraced and were treated as lower class. A woman had no authority, no say and no rights to make a decision. Their duty at home was just cooking meal, cleaning the house, taking care of children and many things like these. However in today's world, the status of women is at a high level not only in the family aspect but also in the business area when compared to the past.I believe that women have progressed in their status quo but to a larger extent, but it is true that women will never enjoy the same rights as men as in many societies, women have yet to achieve gender equality as men are still generally dominant. Some basic right women should receive, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right t o food, the right to work, and the right to education have been achieved but not all, especially not when compared to men.In some workplace, wage discrimination still exists as women are not allowed the same pay as men who are of similar ranks to them. The root of this problem is to society, a woman should be at home, taking care of children and not out there in the working world. The income difference maybe expected to serve as a deterrence to women, encouraging them to remain as housewife. However, this mindset is starting to change. Vice versa, men are starting to accept the fact that they too, do play a role in bringing up and caring more for their children and this gives rise to a new role named ‘househusbands'.Statistics have also proven so. Worldwide, women work two thirds of the world’s working hours and produce half of the world’s food yet women only earn 10 percent of the world’s income and own less than 1 percent of the world’s property. Moreover, in Forbes 2009 top richest people in the world, the only female that came close to the top ten was Alice Walton whose wealth was not even earned by herself but an inheritance from her family. It is clearly illustrated that although women have been given economic rights, the playing field in the workplace is still not level.People still think that a woman’s role is ultimately as the housewife and not the one with a successful career or the one who is able to help the company advance. Therefore, women have enjoyed more rights than before but women will never enjoy the same rights as men as society has been structured such that women are tasked as caregivers of the family. In many countries, the issue on gender inequality still exists. Many women were not given their even dignity.While 2012 ended with the death of the 23-year-old paramedic student, who died fighting wounds sustained fighting off her rapists in a moving bus in the Indian capital of Delhi, it has invoked the issue of gender inequality in India. The outcry over the Delhi gang-rape has sparked a furious debate on the horrors that confront women in India. While the debate has put a spotlight on the inadequacies in India’s rape laws and policing, and exposed misogynist Indian â€Å"leaders†, the deep-rooted sexual inequality in the country that lies at the root of the misogyny and sexual violence has not received the attention it deserves.

Discrimination of Care Services - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2804 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? With more than 83% of occupational therapists being white, it is clear there is a lack of diversity within the field (Data USA). This is also obvious when looking at the demographics of occupational therapy clients. Because occupational therapy is often not seen as essential health care which basic insurance and medicaid would cover, only those who can afford it or have better insurance have access to it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination of Care Services" essay for you Create order This leads to marginalized populations and minorities not having access to occupational therapy. This is dangerous as it perpetuates the cycle of expected occupations within these communities. Occupations look different within impoverished, marginalized, and urban settings. Working with children and adolescents in these areas makes these differences apparent because adolescence is when habits such as drug use, study skills, and violence are solidified. Having occupational therapists who specialize in working with these communities and populations could improve positive outcomes, lower incarceration rates, and break cycles of unhealthy occupations such as drug and alcohol abuse. I chose this topic because my major is in Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy. I have an interest in social justice issues which stems from my hometown being St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, discrimination and systemic marginalization are prevalent issues in daily life, especially within the city and impoverished areas. St. Louis is a very segregated city, both racially and socioeconomically, which leads to distinct and polarized lifestyles. These different lifestyles result in different occupations and activities of daily living based on need and habits. Through this literature review, equity of care across diverse and marginalized groups will be examined. It will look at not only how occupational therapists working in marginalized populations and communities can embrace the differences in the communities, but also how the differences in their clients occupations will change their jobs. It will go over six articles from various occupational therapy journals and newsletters that have to do with social justice within health care disparities and resource allocation as well as the meaning of occupation within lower-income and marginalized populations. Drs. Suzanne M. Peloquin and Beatriz C. Abreu wrote the first article, Embracing Diversity in Our Profession, for the American Journal of Occupational Therapy in June 2004. Both doctors are professors and researchers at the University of Texas-Galveston and Dr. Peloquin was named one of the Top 100 Most Influential People in Occupational Therapy(AOTA). They have both been cited hundreds of times, making them qualified and trusted within their field. This article looks at diversity within occupational therapy in a unique way because of its subjective and personal nature. The authors use both personal experiences and professional observations to examine the construction of prejudices against other people and populations who are different from their own environment. This allows them to offer better ways to value uniqueness and support diversity. They introduce the idea of other-isms as a social construct that leads to problems with stereotyping marginalized minorities. It also discusses the effects of cultural diversity on occupational therapy and occupations specifically rather than its effects on health-based practices overall which is not frequently examined. Embracing Diversity in Our Profession is important because of how specific it is to occupational therapy. Because the authors are both practicing, experienced occupational therapists, they are able to give a unique perspective on a topic that is complex, misunderstood, and often forgotten. The article is written with substantial sections being quotes and experiences of the authors which means there is a lot of text based on opinion rather than objective facts and research. However, because Peloquin and Abreau acknowledge this, the bias is less significant and problematic. They wrote to occupational therapists who are practicing in the field and working with more marginalized populations. This allows them to attempt to avoid making assumptions based on the various -isms described in the text. Dr. Susan Bazyk and Mr. John Bazyk are the coauthors of Meaning of Occupation-Based Groups for Low-Income Urban Youths Attending After-School Care. Dr. and Mr. Bazyk are both registered and licensed occupational therapists. They have been associate professors in the occupational therapy program at Cleveland State University in Ohio. They are both highly regarded in their field and combined have been quoted and cited in over 60 other articles, making their work credible and reliable. This article focuses on occupation and occupational sciences rather than occupational therapy. Children and adolescents in low-income, urban areas often participate in different occupations than children in higher income, suburban, or rural areas resulting in life-long changes in social and emotional development. During their research, the authors conducted a study in which they had children and adolescents from marginalized communities participate in creative activities intended to improve mood and engage them. Dr. and Mr. Bazyk found that the children enjoyed the activities which opened them up to talking and learning strategies for dealing with anger. These results showed that allowing children to take part in occupations they enjoy enhances them as therapeutic tools. The research primarily focuses on the unique needs and occupations of children and adolescents in poor areas of cities which are neglected populations in both treatment and research. It focuses on how differing occupations change emotional, academic, and social development and how occupation can be used to improve academic achievement, sense of personal identity, emotional self-regulation, social interaction, and teamwork. This article was written by adults in higher socioeconomic classes about lower income youths. This means that while it is objective, it is also susceptible to being out of touch with the results and which may be skewed based on prejudice and assumptions. Dr. and Mr. Bazyk wrote to occupational therapists working with children in impoverished neighborhoods in an after-care setting. This is because they are the professionals who could make the most direct and significant changes in the field. Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization: A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist was written by Drs. Brent Braveman and Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar for the American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Dr. Braveman is a clinical professor in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Dr. Suarez-Balcazar is a professor and the department head in the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Illinois at Chicago. They are both highly qualified within the occupational therapy community and have been referenced many times by other authors. Dr. Braveman specializes in social justice and equity surrounding occupational therapy and has written over fifteen published articles on similar topics. The text discusses social justice theories, human rights, medical empowerment, and occupational justice and how they tie together. It explains the responsibility of the health care systems to provide access to care, even within more marginalized areas. The authors explain that by prioritizing human rights, medical empowerment, and occupational justice, over time, individuals will be more self-sufficient and require less treatment. The text discusses two cases in which occupational therapy was used to facilitate social justice. By assessing and addressing individuals levels of self-sufficiency and environmental limitations, marginalized people will be more capable of getting the proper amounts and types of care. The research is important because it looks at the past of occupational therapy and how it has affected the present. It also explains what the future currently holds for occupational therapy and what occupational therapists, as health professionals, can do to make more positive outcomes about occupational identities, competence, and behavior settings. Some problems with the writing are that it makes assumptions about not only occupational therapists, but also their patients. Though the authors have done their research, they could have skewed writing based on personal prejudices about occupational therapists and patients. Drs. Braveman and Suarez-Balcazar are writing to practicing occupational therapists who have the power to implement changes in the way they practice. Changes in practice would result in an improvement in patient outcomes which is the primary goal of health care. The article, Justice and U.S. Occupational Therapy Practice: A Relationship 100 Years in the Making was written by Drs. Rebecca M Aldrich, Tessa L. Boston, and Claire E. Daaleman. They all have their doctorates in occupational therapy and are professors at various universities across the United States. Although this article has not been referenced or cited yet, this is the result of it being published in February of 2017. The authors have been cited in other documents over 150 times for their other articles which makes them, and their work, credible. The text was chosen because of its focus on social justice within occupational therapy in the United States. This was difficult to find as a majority of the research on this topic has been done in Canada. It is unique because it brought research in from fields outside of occupational therapy and health care such as law, international justice, and medical care across international borders. The authors mention not only that occupational therapy is very helpful in adjusting to a new culture, but also why and how it can help immigrants adjust. The way so many diverse topics were brought together made this an uncommon source. How it combines the socio-economic biases of medicine with the immigration policies of the United States provides a new way to use and look at the old research. This article was written by three caucasian women who are United States citizens which means that though they can research and empathize with these problems and biases, they cannot sympathize which makes the article impersonal but accurate and objective. While it was written by three caucasian women, the audience for Justice and U.S. Occupational Therapy Practice is broader than most articles written on this topic. The audience is not only practicing occupational therapists but also policy makers in the American Occupational Therapy Association. It is written to the occupational therapists because, since they are interacting directly with the clients, their services are what changes the dispersal of services. However, the policy makers are also an audience because they are the professionals who can change accessibility and availability of the services. If these two groups were to change how they were providing care, more people with less privilege would have access to occupational therapy. Sharpening Our Critical Edge: Occupational Therapy in the Context of Marginalized Populations by Alison J. Gerlach was published in the Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy in 2015. Gerlach has her doctorate of occupational therapy from the University of British Columbia where she now teaches and does research. She has been published 15 times and her articles have been referenced nearly 60 times. This research looks at the importance of intersectional analysis of occupational therapy within marginalized populations. Gerlach found that what primarily shapes health is not medical treatments or lifestyle choices, but rather where individuals live, work, and play. She proposed that intersectional care would enhance occupational therapy and promote an increase in treatment of marginalized patients who otherwise would not receive care. It also looks at the idea of occupation within different socioeconomic classes that are rarely mentioned in other articles. It discusses value and context of occupational while discussing social order and privilege within health care goals. Dr. Gerlach is a caucasian, upper-middle class female who, although she has done research and empathizes with her patients, can never truly sympathize with them which results in impersonal conclusions based on her data and research. Although this distance makes her conclusions impersonal, it also makes them less biased and subjective. She wrote this to occupational therapists who are practicing in less privileged areas with people who are more marginalized and overlooked when it comes to health care. Drs. Brent Braveman and Julie Bass-Haugen are coauthors of Social Justice and Health Disparities: An Evolving Discourse in Occupational Therapy Research and Intervention. This, along with some of their other articles, was published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy in 2009. Because of where and how many times they have been published, Drs. Braveman and Bass-Haugen evidently are trusted within the occupational therapy community. This article not only discusses social justice and health disparities within occupational therapy, but also how they relate to each other. It focuses on the medical implications of health inequities and inequalities and the differences in care that are present between people of different genders, races, ethnicities, educational backgrounds, socioeconomic statuses, abilities, geographic locations, and sexual orientations. Because of the differences in incidence, prevalence, and mortality that are a direct result of different occupations within these backgrounds, according to Braveman and Bass-Haugen, this is an issue for occupational therapists. The research they did specifically names the causes of health disparities, develops intervention strategies, explores the human causes of disparities, and recognizes systemic problems and how those problems can be changed. This information is important because it looks at what occupational therapy is and what it is meant to do. It encourages practicing therapists to promote justice and improve health by allowing people with diverse and marginalized backgrounds to have access to their services. The article does not use any new information or research. It looks at old information in a new way which brings all the bias from its referenced articles to the new article. The old information could also be misused or misinterpreted in the new article, resulting in skewed facts. The audiences for this article are occupational therapists practicing in diverse and marginalized communities as well as the professionals making the laws that make care available. These six articles show how social justice issues such as racial and socioeconomic backgrounds create a hierarchy in which the white and wealthy receive better care than those who are minorities and poor. This creates a system where people who have been oppressed and denied care continue to be forgotten. Equity of care, occupational justice, and health disparities across diverse and marginalized groups were major themes throughout the articles. In Social Justice and Resource Utilization in a Community-Based Organization: A Case Illustration of the Role of the Occupational Therapist the idea of occupational justice is introduced. Occupational justice involves inequities that are present when participation in occupations is prohibited, undeveloped, disrupted, alienated, marginalized, exploited, excluded, or otherwise restricted (Braveman and Bass-Haugen). Occupational justice is often impaired when policies that cause health inequities in different populations are changed (Gerlach). T hese inequities often have three primary features; it has systematic, consistent patterns across populations, is socially produced and easily changed, and is unfair from a perspective of basic human rights (Braveman and Bass-Haugen). The second major point of all the articles has to do with the repercussions of these inequalities. Occupational therapists have to change how they do their jobs to embrace different occupations across diverse communities. Occupation looks different within different social groups and are often seen as other and therefore lesser (Peloquin and Abreau). Occupations such as panhandling on the street, lining up to get a hot meal, or getting a fix for an addiction are under acknowledged occupations. Because most theories are based on middle-class views and norms, many treatments lack meaning for clients who live in very different social conditions (Gerlach). This means that occupational therapists must adapt to the needs and wants of individuals outside of their usual clientele demographics. By embracing the complexities of peoples lives rather than expecting them to conform to our practice models and tools, we can avoid the use of occupations such as vandalism, drug use, and gang activity to meet social, physical, and relaxation needs(Bazyk and Bazyk). This will promote a more complex and contextualized understanding of health and occupation in relation to varying forms of marginalization and social exclusion (Gerlach), therefore enhancing occupational therapy as a tool. As in all aspects of life, people have experienced discrimination and marginalization in health care. Because of this, marginalized people do not have access to occupational therapy and when they do, it is not pertinent to their needs and occupations. The texts looked at in this review discuss how adapting occupational therapy and making it available would benefit many lives. However, these texts are very unique in their content. Not many articles have been written about occupational and social justice. More research needs to be done in this area of occupational therapy. Many of the studies did not have research and data and were lacking scientific evidence. As research continues, there need to be more longitudinal studies done looking at the effects of occupational therapy on individuals in marginalized, underprivileged populations. With social justice and equity of healthcare being such popular topics, occupational therapy in this area will be further scrutinized and critiqued. If occupational therapists were to start implementing intersectional techniques, occupational equity would improve and quality of life would most likely improve in impoverished areas. If this were to happen, there would most likely be an improvement in positive outcomes, a decrease in incarceration rates, and a decrease in use of unhealthy occupations, resulting in overall better health for americans.