Billy Liar: How to play Rita in her first scene

I have been using the Nelson Thornes Dramascripts edition of Billy Liar. I will discuss how I would play Rita in the selected scene. In this particular scene, I think it is important to show how aggravating the character of Rita is to everyone else on stage, and while I want the audience to understand this too, it is also a scene rich in moments with comic potential. For most of the section, Rita is pushy and aggressive; however there are occasional moments when she almost lets her guard down. I wish to explore the subtextual side of Rita's personality including the motives for her wanting the engagement ring from Billy. I view Rita as more complex than she may appear on first impressions, and instead of solely wanting the ring to show off, she may desire the ring to give her a feeling of belonging, to prove to herself and those around her that she can be loved, as in places, she could be seen as a deeply insecure character. At the beginning of the selected section, when Rita first makes her entrance, I want the audience to see how Rita does anything to get what she wants, even if it entails storming into a stranger's house. I would also want the audience to see that she is a formidable character, who will stop at nothing to achieve her goal. I would enter onto the stage by striding from the back of the room, through the gap in the middle of the seating, walking quickly with clenched fists to show aggression. I would pause at the entrance to the stage at the end of the walkway, to allow time for the audience and other characters to take in what has happened. During this pause I would narrow my eyes, as if locking in on a target, and adopt a posture with one hip jutted to the left with my hand placed on it, and one knee slightly bent. I would have a menacing, and almost snarling facial expression, and my breathing would be heavier and more exaggerated to show that Rita is angry, but is trying to control herself. After this, I would strut quickly and purposefully down to the main area of the stage, where I would pause again centre-stage, while scanning the room. This would give an intimidating impression to the audience as well as the rest of the cast. During the 1950's, the Domestic Revolution took place and people began taking more pride in their homes, as they had more money to spend on new appliances for the house. By storming into someone's house at this period in time, it highlights the rudeness Rita displays in this section. As the scene progresses, Rita's anger is exacerbated by other people's reactions to her entrance. Billy tries to â€Å"guide Rita towards the door† which would aggravate her, as she is trying to appear as assertive in front of people which she wants to unnerve. While I want to let the audience know who is in control at this point in the scene, I still want to keep the fast-paced and chaotic atmosphere which prevails through most of this act. I am interpreting Rita's stage direction â€Å"shrugging him away† as something more violent, and when Billy tries to lead her away, I would respond by grabbing Billy's outstretched hand by the wrist and firmly pushing it back to his side. I would then deliver the line â€Å"take your mucky hands†¦ toffee-nosed get† starting on a high inflection to show Rita's indignation at being dragged around the room. I would let the inflection fall towards the end of the line, and practically spit out the last words â€Å"rotten toffee-nosed get†, over-pronouncing each consonant. During the next part of the line, â€Å"you didn't think I'd come in, did you? † I would slowly saunter over towards Billy, as if teasing him for not foreseeing my reaction. I would say the last two words â€Å"did you? † in a patronising tone of voice, almost mocking him. In the 1950's, when this play is set, it was not the norm for a woman to be superior to a man in any way, such as in the home or at work. By showing how Rita is overpowering Billy, it conveys the rebellion and self-confidence Rita possesses. The moment in which Rita notices Barbara for the first time is full of dramatic potential. At this point, Rita has been dominating the argument and when Barbara tells her that she is also engaged to Billy, Rita is taken aback and possibly even stunned into silence for a moment. I would want the audience to register this sudden change in the atmosphere. Barbara would say the line â€Å"Billy's grandma†¦ ill in bed†, at which point Rita first turns to Barbara and, after a sharp flick of her head in Barbara's direction, says â€Å"Oooh, look what the cat's brought in†¦ in a rotten iron lung†. This would be said in a high pitched voice, to sound like I am imitating Barbara and with a varying intonation to add to the childish connotations of imitating someone. Barbara's line â€Å"for your information, I happen to be Billy's fianci† is the one thing during this scene which alters Rita's otherwise constant mocking tone. After her line is said, I would initially begin as I said the previous line, saying the words â€Å"Oooh, for your information† in the same condescending tone as before, and the realisation of what Barbara really said would hit me after this part of the line. I would pause after these words, and slightly furrow my brow in a confused manner and purse my lips plaintively. I would slightly stutter on the next part of the line, as if I couldn't believe what I had just heard. Through the rest of the line, my intonation would rise higher and higher, and I would begin to accelerate my speech as Rita loses control and becomes more agitated, at being lied to by Billy, about someone which she would consider less desirable than her. This also reveals that Rita might care more about the engagement than she outwardly shows, and she might really be hurt that she couldn't make her relationship work. At the end of the line, I would straighten out my clothes as if ashamed of myself for letting my control on this situation momentarily slip. As this section goes on, the audience learns that Billy has given Barbara the engagement ring which was meant for Rita. This induces Rita's short monologue on the subject of the ring. Barbara's one-word line of â€Å"Billy! would be sharply cut into by Rita curtly scoffing, and then beginning her line, by saying, â€Å"Yeah, well you've got another think coming if you think I'm as daft as she is†. This would be said with a heavy inflection on the word ‘she' to indicate that she places herself above Barbara. The next words of â€Å"You gave that ring to me† would be said much slower, with pauses in between each 2 words to highlight her frustration. In each group of three words, I would point firstly at Billy, next to Barbara, and then finally to myself. This would include most of the people onstage in her rage to show that no one is immune to her outbursts. As Rita launches into an anecdote about ‘Shirley Mitchem' seeing Billy give her the ring, I would pace up and down the centre of the stage, with dramatic hand gestures on key words such as ‘witness' or ‘I've got two' to make her point clear to everyone watching. Again, as Rita is quite irate and despairing over Billy at this point, she would have an ascending intonation, but would sound quite flustered. This could be achieved by making her voice slightly breathy, and by sighing deeply at the end of her line. Rita, by this point in the section is aching for control again, and to come back to her usual cheeky self. She sees this opportunity when Alice tells her â€Å"you know as well as I do he's under-age†. After this line, I would pause slightly, turn my head to the audience and raise my eyebrows, in a sceptical fashion, as if letting the audience know that something interesting is about to happen. Leading with a turn of my head, I would begin to sashay gleefully over to Alice, and say the line â€Å"ask him†¦ over-age more like† with a relatively quiet voice, and edge ever closer to Alice, as if taunting her with this information. I think that Rita would be enjoying this particular moment, and so I would let a half-smile play across my face, almost as if I couldn't help but have fun with torturing Alice. I feel this would be a good way to act this line as this is Rita being able to be aggressive in a much more underhand manner, which shows her being a much more intelligent and scheming person than is often outwardly shown. This is in contrast to what a normal 1950's young woman would act like, as in this period, women were still expected to stay at home, look after children and not be as intelligent as men supposedly were. By Rita exercising a clever, sneaky side of her personality, she is opposing the norm in the 1950's, and even taking on the role which was seen as more masculine. At the end of this section, Rita has asserted herself again in the pole position in this dispute. I still want the audience to see the predominant, pushy side of her. As she rudely cuts into Billy's tired explanation, I would hold up my hand in an outstretched stop sign, almost pushing it into his face, to show just how sick of his convoluted excuses she is. After this I would return my hands to my hips and strut downstage while saying â€Å"well she can have you†¦ very much doubt† and during these lines, I would have a smug expression on my face. However, this would quickly change to a scowl with a furrowed forehead, as I begin to reel off the list of insults which Rita throws at Billy. These successive slurs would result in me repeatedly prodding Billy on his chest while quickly walking in his direction, almost chasing him. The volume in my voice would increase, and end in me shouting in Billy's face as I would be closer to him by now. This will end the section with Rita being the leader in the argument, and she has had the satisfying last word, which suits her firm and aggressive nature. In conclusion, I hope I have created a picture of Rita being a forthright and belligerent character, full of determination to achieve what she wants with little or no consideration for anybody else in the situation. However, I feel that her frustration and, at times, slight desolation over the fact that she couldn't make her engagement work with Billy, or she was in some way not all that he wanted, was also displayed in some sections.

Mateo Falcone by Prosper Mérimée Essay

Mateo Falcone Author: Prosper Mà ©rimà ©e Introduction Sept. 28, 1803, Paris — died Sept. 23, 1870, Cannes, France A French dramatist, historian, archaeologist, and master of the short story whose works — Romantic in theme but Classical and controlled in style — were a renewal of Classicism in a Romantic age. Story: Mateo Falcone This opera constitutes the last of three short serious operas by this composer, the other two being Feast in Time of Plague and Mademoiselle Fifi. â€Å"Mateo Falcone† addresses matters of family honor. It is set in Corsica in the seventeenth century in the region of Porto-Vecchio. Setting Mateo Falcone Characters Fortunato Falcone Mateo Falcone’s ten-year-old son. His father regards him as ‘‘the hope of the family.’’ The name Fortunato, meaning ‘‘the fortunate one,’’ reflects his father’s pride. cont. Introduction Story: Mateo Falcone Prosper Mà ©rimà ©e’s â€Å"Mateo Falcone† (1829), originally subtitled â€Å"Les moeurs de Corse† (â€Å"The Ways of Corsica†), chronicles the killing of a ten-year-old boy by his father. Such contemporaries as Stendhal (Henri Beyle), Henry James, and Walter Pater admired Mà ©rimà ©e and praised him for his craft. Pater called â€Å"Mateo Falcone† â€Å"the cruellest story in the world.† â€Å"Mateo Falcone† is a brief, but complex story. It features at least five points of view and at least four â€Å"ways of life† (the â€Å"moeurs† of the original subtitle). Mà ©rimà ©e’s themes include betrayal and honor, savagery and civilization, vendetta and law, and custom and morality. A forty-eight-year-old father of three married daughters and one ten-year-old son; Giuseppa Falcone’s husband. Giuseppa Falcone Mateo Falcone’s wife. Tiodoro Gamba The adjutant; a distant relative of Falcone’s. Gianetto Saupiero An outlaw. Exposition Plot Summary â€Å"Mateo Falcone† is set in Corsica in the seventeenth century in the region of Porto-Vecchio, which is midway between the town of Corte and the mà ¢aquis, the wild country of the Corsican highlands where outlaws and misfits find refuge from law and authority. Mateo Falcone, a forty-eight-year-old father of three married daughters and one ten-year-old son, is a successful sheep rancher. He sets off to gather his flock one afternoon. His wife, Guiseppa, accompanies him, and they leave their son, Fortunato alone. Rising Action Fortunato daydreams in the autumn sun. He anticipates going into town in a few days to have dinner with his uncle, the Caporal. Suddenly, he was distracted by the gunshots echo from nearby. On nearby path, a wounded man appears and had been shot in his thigh. Seeing Fortunato, he asks whether the boy is the son of Mateo Falcone, after confirming, he introduces himself as Gianetto Saupiero, the implication being that he has a tie to Falcone and thus a right to expect asylum. Fortunato at first declines to hide Gianetto, but when the bandit offers a piece of silver, the boy conceals him beneath the hay. Climax Six soldiers arrive, led by adjutant Tiodoro Gamba, who addresses Fortunato as â€Å"cousin,† once again implying a tie to the Falcone’s. Gamba wants to know whether Fortunato has seen a man on the trail. Fortunato evades Gamba ’s questions, and Gamba suspects that the boy is in complicity with Gianetto. He threatens to beat Fortunato, but the boy only replies that he is Mateo Falcone’s son, and the lieutenant understands that he dare not harm Fortunato for fear of angering the father. The soldiers search the property but find nothing. Finally, Gamba attempts to bribe Fortunato with a shiny new watch. Fortunato accepts the bribe and silently nods in the direction of the haystack. Falling Action Mateo and Guiseppa return from the pastures. Gamba advances cautiously and explains to Mateo what has happened. When Mateo ascertains the facts, he abruptly asks his wife whether the boy is really his child. Fortunato collapses in tears, sobbing and crying, and the wife becomes hysterical. Mateo commands Fortunato to leave with him into the high country. Denouement As Mateo and Fortunato climb into the mountains, Guiseppa prays inside the house to an icon of the Virgin Mary. In a ravine, Mateo commands Fortunato to kneel and say his prayers. When he finishes praying, Fortunato begs for mercy, but Mateo gives none. He raises his rifle and shoots. Theme Analysis Justice prevails. The end justifies the means. Regrets are always in the end. Symbolism Mateo Falcone – Justice Fortunato – Sin Gamba and Gianetto – Temptation Guiseppa – Love and Sympathy Foreshadowing Gamba attempts to bribe Fortunato with a shiny new watch. Flashback Gamba told Mateo what Gianetto had done to one of his soldiers and to the Caporal Chardon’s arm. Gamba told Mateo what Fortunato had done to help them discover where Gianetto is. Conflict Fortunato Falcone VS. Himself Mateo Falcone VS. Fortunato Falcone Land VS. Fortunato Falcone It is the temptation alone that brought Fortunato of committing bribery despite of knowing the fact that justice is placed on the hands of his father, Mateo Falcone which leads to his death.

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Sample size calculation - Math Problem Example Sampling is important in that we involve fewer respondents than using the entire population, the sample saves time and money and an appropriate sample will represent the population in that the results derived from the sample will explain the population with less error. A large sample will waste time and money while a small sample will give inaccurate results. In any given study if we were to determine the mean of the population and the mean of the sample there means are not the same, the difference between the two is termed as an error, therefore when determining the sample size we need to consider the expected error that will result to these differences. The other factor to consider is the margin of this error, this represents the maximum possible difference between the sample mean and the population mean. We consider also consider the standard deviation of the population, the reason why we consider the standard deviation is because we assume that the population assumes a normal distribution which is depicted by the central limit theorem that states that as the number of variables increase indefinitely then the variables assumes a normal distribution. For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then mu... n = [(1.96/2 . 6.9) /(0.4)] 2 n = 285.779 In this case therefore we will use a sample size n =286 derived from rounding off the figure into the nearest whole number. Cluster sampling: For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then multiplied by the an expected non response or error, example use 5%. After multiplying we then divide the results by the number of clusters to determine the number of n in each cluster. Example assumes that we have 10 clusters and we assume the level of error is 5% from our above results; the following will be the results: 285.779 X 10 = 2857.79 2857.79 X 1.05 = 3000.68 We will consider a 3,000 sample size and for each cluster we will have n = 300 Formula 2: The other formula that can be used is where we have the prevalence of the variable being studies, in this case for example we have a prevalence rate of 40% of a disease and we use the following formula: n = [Z2. x (1-x)]/ E2 Where Z is the confidence interval where if we choose 95% the area under the normal curve will be 1.96 E is the expected margin error and x is the expected prevalence of the variable being studied. Formula 3: Cochran (1963) formulated a formula that could be used in the calculation of the sample size in a study, the formula is as follows: n = (Z2 PQ)/ e2 Where n is the sample size, Z is the confidence interval, P is the estimated proportion of the attribute under study, q is derived from 1 - p and finally e is the precision level. He further stated that the above sample would further be

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Smart City - Essay Example identifies that majority of these individuals still live in slums (2011). Comparatively, although cities only occupy 2 to 3 percent of the total earth’s surface, they are responsible for about 75 percent of carbon secretions and 80 percent of the total energy consumption (Haftor, Mirijamdotter & Bradley, 2010). It is thus in this context that, to be livable in the future, cities require efficient urbanization plans with a huge emphasis placed on the concepts of sustainability, smart, and livability. Essentially, there are various factors which characterize and define Smart Cities. According to Sanseverino, these factors include smart economy, sustainability, smart mobility, economic development, smart people, a high quality of life and smart governance among others (2014). Thus, these factors are essential for the improvement of lives of individuals residing in cities. It is worth noting that these factors can be enhanced through the appropriate and effective use of infrastructure, Information Computer Technology (ICT), as well as social capital (Galbraith, 2014). As such, a Smart City creates an environment that not only presents the residents with numerous opportunities to be tapped, but also a broad range of actions and activities as embraced in its voluminous definitions. According to Giffinger, et al., a Smart City can be defined as â€Å"an innovative city† which makes use of ICTs and other strategies to increase urban competition, improve efficiency in the service s offered and improve the general quality of city life (2007). It is however worth noting that in order to achieve this, it is important to not only meet the needs of the present generation but also the future generations. Notably important, there are six important dimensions that are key to the creation of a Smart City. These dimensions can be identified as smart mobility, smart economy, smart people, smart environment, smart governance

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Combating Employee Turnover - Essay Example This has been explained in the form of a model in the diagram below: Figure 1: Employee’s Turnover Model Source: (Allen, Bryant & Vardaman 2011) If an organization sees that employees are unhappy with the work environment and there are some factors that may start the cycle of Employee’s Turnover Model, then the organization should try to remove them from the environment. They may develop strategies that will improve the work environment, improve employee’s relationship with others in the organization and try to focus on individual characteristics of workers to make them happy. These strategies will ensure that the employee does not leave the organization. Another idea suggested by Allen et al. study is that the organization should conduct employee’s surveys at regular intervals and should develop evidence-based strategies based on the problems identified in these surveys to make sure that employee’s turnover is reduced and this can be an effective w ay to combat the problem of high turnover in the large corporations and organizations. (Allen, Bryant & Vardaman 2011) Another study done on 76 organizations concludes that employment benefits and effective retirement policies reduce the problem of employee turnover by almost 34%. The study’s rationale was that employee’s benefits and retirement programs are given to employees after their retirement. Since gratuity fund grows exponentially, so employees think that longer they will stay with the organization, the bigger gratuity or pension they will get. Hence, this motivates them not to quit the job. Therefore, organizations with effective employee’s benefits and retirements plan tend to retain workers for longer periods than organizations that do not focus on these programs. Another important finding of the research was that it takes almost $3000 to replace a work in mid-management position. Hence, if these $3000/worker are used in creating effective retirement and pension plans, then an organization is likely to retain its workers for longer periods (Sutton 2001). In a model developed (Darmna 2000), it was found that replacing the employees that are leaving the organization is quite expensive. Hence, organizations could use half the costs that are spent on recruiting new staff to appease or solving the problems of the leaving staff. They can use the same money to increase their wages or to reduce the de-motivation factors from the organization. This would improve the problem of high employee turnover because factors that were perturbing the employees are being removed from the environment and hygienic factors such as increased pay are being given to them. Hence, there is no reason for them to leave the organization. (Darmna 2000) Participative management is another technique to reduce the problem of high turnover. Participative management believes in the autocratic leadership. It is an approach that calls for management by objective. Her e the responsibility is delegated to workers who are then free to decide how they will go about doing their work. This kind of approach has been highly successful in staff retention and large MNCs are making use of this approach. The illustrious lists of organizations that use this approach are Unilever, Proctor and Gamble, Reckitt-Beckniser and Siemens. It was found that these organizations retain employees twice longer than any other company. One reason for this high retention rate is responsibility management and participative

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Legalization of marijuana - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of marijuana as a dry, shredded combination of stems, seeds, leaves, and flowers of the hemp plant called Cannabis Sativa. Marijuana is generally smoked in a pipe or as a cigarette. It is the most common illegal drug abused in the United States. Marijuana abuse can lead to problems with learning, memory, and social behavior. The drug can interfere with activities linked with school, work, family, etc. Several scientific studies are testing the usefulness and safety of cannabis compounds for the treatment of certain ailments. Marijuana is a popular recreational drug in the United States, and it ranks third in popularity behind alcohol and tobacco. It is estimated that approximately 100 million Americans have used marijuana. According to the surveys conducted by the government, approximately 25 million of Americans have used marijuana in the last 12 months. It also estimated that nearly 14 million of people smoke it regularly despite the har sh laws prohibiting the use of marijuana. According to NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), marijuana is not as dangerous as tobacco or alcohol. Approximately 50,000 individuals die every year due to alcohol poisoning and more than 400,000 individuals die each year from tobacco smoking. In comparison with tobacco and alcohol, marijuana is not toxic and cannot cause death due to overdose. (NORML 1). History of Marijuana Use Human beings have used marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) for a long time. However, in the wake of the 20th century, it was classified by many countries as an illegal drug. In the past twenty years, there has been a continuous debate as to whether legalize marijuana specifically for medical purposes. The use of medical marijuana has increased in the District of Columbia and 16 states that have permitted its use. However, those who oppose the legalization of marijuana question its importance in the medical field (The New York Times 1). As stated above, the use of marijuana extends back over thousands of years (approximately 10,000 years). There is archaeological evidence that the Chinese used Cannabis Sativa. Archaeological evidence indicates that the first physical human requirements to be fulfilled by marijuana plant were the cloth making practice to offer protection from environmental hazards and climatic changes. Marijuana plant had other beneficial uses, such as important medicines (medicinal plant) and foods. Current Debate on Legalization of Marijuana Proponents of Marijuana Legalization Among the major proponents of marijuana legalization is the state of California. California has been at the forefront of marijuana policy reform (Kilmer et al. 1). The proponents of marijuana legalization state that the aim of legalization is not to make marijuana easily accessible, but rather to make the communities safer through the regulation of the substance. In other words, to take marijuana out of the underground markets, cont rol it and keep it away from the young people. In Colorado, medical marijuana is legal, and it has more than 88,000 Colorado residents who seek medical marijuana therapy (The New York Tim

Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book Essay

Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book" presents the comparative analysis of the book "Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women" and the movie "Taken" based upon the book. In the 2008 movie "Taken" directed by Pierre Morel was released, the story is a spinoff from Elizabeth Wurtzel’s book "Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women". It used to be that in the old days, girls and women used to have to be accompanied everywhere they went. In Medieval Spain, women had to be accompanied by a chaperone when they were asked out by a gentleman who would come calling. There are traces of this in the movie when Liam Neeson’s character, Bryan, insists that his daughter not goes alone to France. Even when his daughter insists that she is taking her peer and friend Amanda with her to France - who is also 17 years old - Bryan is not convinced that it’s the best idea. He has a bad feeling about it. His wife Lenore, however, insists that he will never let his daughter do anything. She will come to later regret urging her husband to allow the teen to go with her friend to Paris. It is when the girls take a trip in a Parisian taxi that things go horribly wrong, and an Albanian gangster kidnaps the girls and sells them into slavery. This is when Bryan, the ex-CIA officer, springs into action - as he is told he only h as 96 hours max to save his daughter before she is lost forever. The author’s contentions that the way girls and women are perceived today is an accurate portrayal of what goes on in real life.

The color purple; shades of gender discrimination Annotated Bibliography

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Culture icon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture icon - Essay Example This is especially true with John and Paul who wrote some of the most widely-known songs ever. John, on his own, can be best remembered in his song entitled ‘Imagine’ with its very familiar lyrics and melody. His influence was not limited to the world of music. He also became very outspoken about many aspects of his beliefs. These things are reflected in his songs. John Lennon was an advocate of peace and he was against the Vietnam War where soldiers get killed every day. The Hippies who were popular in the 1960s considered him as being one of them and this acceptable to him. He became, by choice or not, a political figure. Then, his abrupt death when he was assassinated only added to the idealism that was regarded on his life. â€Å"If nothing else, John Lennon’s death clearly marked a shift from the imagery of stardom to that of heroism† (Mà ¤kelà ¤ 211). His songs and words remained to be very influential. His beliefs on love and the importance of peace remained to be relevant even to this day. These are the things that make John Lennon a cultural

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F-1 status Essay I would like to appeal the case for reinstatement of my F-1 status with your office. My F-1 status expired on December 23, 2006. I require an extension on my F-1 visa because I have a research program pending completion at my university and this project must be done on site and allow me to have physical contact with my professors and advisers on this project. It is with a hopeful heart that I request you to consider the humanitarian reason behind my request. My father fell ill last year and this caused major interruptions to my research work. He eventually succumbed to his illness last September 2006 and this caused even greater damage to my research project because I had to take time off to join my family in caring and eventually mourning for my father. I was aware of the December 23, 2006 deadline but due to the reasons I have stated, I became preoccupied and eventually lost track of time. I did not realize that my visa had expired until it was too late. I realize that I am asking for a tremendous concession on your part. All I ask is to be given the chance to complete my project using some borrowed time. I assure you that I will honor any agreement that we may enter into in order to assure you of my honesty regarding this matter. Thank you for taking the time to seriously consider my request. Sincerely,

Beneath - Original writing Essay Example for Free

Beneath Original writing Essay Psychoanalysis begins. Monday morning, it was a big rush. I had to pack the kids lunches and watch after them as they left for school. It was Kellys first day at junior school, and Michelles at secondary school. I dont know why, but as I shut the front door I had flash backs of my first day at secondary school. I got worried. Michelle is a lot like me when I was her age. To my children, I am a normal nice mother, ordinary like everyone elses mother. That is how they see me. They know nothing about my past It was an excruciatingly hot and sunny day July 30th 1993. I dreaded the moment the sunrise began. I felt a huge lump at the back of my throat, my head was pounding, and droplets of cold sweat trickled down my forehead. I used to be a normal, quiet, and well behaved person but, all that changed when I met Camryn Barnes. After the first three times, I promised myself I would never do it again. Yet here I was with the hammer in my hand smashing the new lock on the school gate. It fell to the ground making a loud sudden noise, which made me jump even though it was expected. I ran towards the school building, but the school doors were all locked up. After approximately an hour of struggling through one of the technology department windows, I managed to squeeze in. I ran to Dr Daniels office, pushing the door open. There, looking up at me with his beady black eyes was Cuddles Dr Daniels hamster. I had my equipment ready and then I opened the cage door picking up the small rodent with my trembling hands. I whispered to him in the darkness, Dont worry, itll only take a second. I reached into the back of my threadbare jeans pockets and pulled out the razor sharp penknife. Tears poured down my face. One, Two, Three. I did it. My hand was drenched in fresh, warm blood. I dropped Cuddles on the floor and retreated back to the technology department. I can still remember the cold beady eyed stare Cuddles had given me as I pulled the pocket knife out of him. I recollect a similar expression from the past victims. I got back to Camryn a lot quicker this time. Camryn was pacing outside and when she saw me she signalled to me to hurry up. I half jogged and half ran. When I reached her, she caught hold of my wrist and pulled me along with her. I glanced at her beautiful tanned face and saw the contented smile displayed along her lips. I could almost hear her heartbeat, and taste her idea of sweet satisfaction. When we reached her house, she dragged me to her bedroom then leapt onto her red crumpled bed and kicked off her scuffed trainers. Did you do it? Did you top the pint sized rat? she asked with enthusiasm. There was a malicious gleam in her green eyes. I nodded staring at my sweaty bloodstained hands. There was a huge lump in the back of my throat, my stomach churned. I couldnt take it any more, You said wed never do it again! Wasnt killing Jackies budgie, Peters cat and Ellies turtle enough? Why Dr Daniels hamster? Why? Camryn stood up with a frown creasing up near her finely plucked eyebrows. Whats wrong with you? Dr Daniels failed me in English! I worked so hard for him! He got what he deserved! A sudden anger flushed through my body, Like the others got what they deserved?! Looking at Camryn, and seeing her satisfied realization from her manipulation, I had to leave. I walked home, showered and then lay in bed. I remember glancing at my digital clock it read 6:16am. I tried so hard, but failed to fall asleep. It was only a few hours, but seemed like days passing by. Eventually my mother came into my room to see why I was not ready for school. I dont feel well, I murmured. Mother carelessly shook her head and left me alone. A month ago I used to be really close to my mother, but now I just seem to want to push her away and out of my life. It was almost as if I surrendered everything I loved for Camryn. My mother, my old friends and, my self respect. Eventually I fell asleep. Beneath my closed eyes, my thoughts swivelled in front of my eyes. All I saw was beautiful, cold water, ripples glistening. That was where I wanted to be. I woke up and changed into my favourite clothes. I knew what I was doing. I felt dizzy but ignored the queasy feeling. I sat on the floor and scribbled a note for my mother. I used to write little poems to my mother ages ago. I knew that was what I had to do now. I still remember what I wrote in the poem, word for word. June year 1993, on the 25th day, The day I changed, stopped to pray, I made promises, made to break, But itll be over, whilst I lie in this lake, I feel like Im, spiralling into a deep dark hole, Hopefully this depth, can contain my soul, What Im trying to say, dear mother, Im Sorry, For pretending to be so upbeat and jolly, Sorry mum, I didnt mean to, Ill be thinking of you through and through.

Design Of The Rear Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering Essay

Design Of The Rear Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering Essay ABSTRACT When objects move through air, forces are generated by the relative motion between the air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is the study of these forces, generated by the motion of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized according to the type of flow as subsonic, hypersonic, supersonic The spoiler is also a part of the aerodynamics. The function of the spoiler is to spoil the unfavourable flow of air flowing through the car and generate a proportional downforce. This work describes the design and the performance of the rear spoiler. Content 1. Introduction6 2. Literature Review7 2.1 Principle7 2.2 Working of Rear wing8 2.3Criteria for efficiency of the spoiler..9 3. Material..12 3.1 Material Types12 3.2 ABS Material12 4. Design calculation..13 5. Applications15 6. Conclusion..16 Figures Fig. 2.1.8 Fig. 2.2.9 Fig. 2.3..10 Tables Table 1..13 Table 1..14 Chapter 1 Introduction A spoiler is an aerodynamic device which is used to spoil the unfavourable air (unwanted movement of air like turbulence) of a car which is in motion. Basically this device fitted to the front and rear of the vehicle. The front spoiler also called as front wing or air dam, and the rear spoiler is also called as rear wing. From historical point of view, post-world-war 11 automobile racing was initially dominated by developments related to engine technology, and later to tire advancements. During the 1960s, race car aerodynamics evolved as an important and relatively inexpensive technology that could place less well-funded teams. Over time, the cars aerodynamics on vehicles has become more refined as cars are now tested in expensive wind tunnels as part of continued development process. The biggest jump in speed occurred in the 1972 with the first efficient use of front and rear wings. It has even nearly become one of the only aspects of performance gain due to the very marginal gains that can currently be made by engine changes or other mechanic component development. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Principle: The main principle of the spoiler is to reduce the rear end lift that means to increase the downforce and to spoil unfavourable air movement across a body. Lift is one of the main aerodynamic forces imposed on a vehicle, but unlike drag, lift can be manipulated to enhance the performance of a car. Lift is the force that acts on a vehicle normal to the road surface that the vehicle rides on. Lift usually has the effect of pulling or lifting the vehicle away from the surface it drives on. However, by manipulating the car geometry it is possible to create negative lift, or down-force. Down-force enhances vehicle performance by increasing the normal load on the tires. This increases the potential cornering force which results in the ability of the vehicle to corner faster. This down force can be compared to a virtual increase in weight, there by pressing the car down onto the road and increasing the available frictional force between the car tyres and the road, which in effect enables higher cornering speeds. Drag is the aerodynamics force that resists the vehicles motion through a fluid and points backwards. Drag is detrimental to vehicle performance as it can limit the top speed of a vehicle and increase the fuel consumption, both of which are negative consequences for vehicles. Its size is proportional to the speed differential between the air and the solid object. What this wings or spoilers does is it prevents the separation of flow and thereby preventing the formation of vortices or helps to fill the vacuum in the rear end more effectively thus reducing drag. So what actually this wings does is that, The wing works by differentiating pressure on the top and bottom surface of the wing. As mentioned previously, the higher the speed of a given volume of air, the lower the pressure of that air, and vice-versa. What a wing does is make the air passing under it travel a larger distance than the air passing over it (in race car applications). Because air molecules approaching the leading edge of the wing are forced to separate, some going over the top of the wing, and some going under the bottom, they are forced to travel differing distances in order to Meet up again at the trailing edge of the wing. This is part of Bernoullis theory. What happens is that the lower pressure area under the wing allows the higher pressure area above the wing to push down on the wing, and hence the car its mounted to. The way a real, shaped wing works is essentially the same as an airplane wing, but its inverted. An airplane wing produces lift, a car wing produces negative lift or in other words what we call us, downforce. That lift is generated by a difference in pressure on both sides of the wing.    Well, if you look closely at the drawings, youll see that the upper side of the wing is relatively straight, but the bottom side is curved. This means that the air that goes above the wing travels a relatively straight path, which is short. The air under the wing has to follow the curve, and hence travel a greater distance. Now theres Bernoullis law, which basically states that the total amount of energy in a volume of fluid has to remain constant. (Unless you heat it or expose an enclosed volume of it to some form of mechanical work) If you assume the air doesnt move up and down too much, it boils down to this: if air (or any fluid, for that matter) speeds up, its pressure drops. From an energetic point of view, this makes sense: if more energy is needed to maintain the speed of the particles, theres less energy left do do work by applying pressure to the surfaces. In short: on the underside, air has to travel further in the same amount of time, which means it has to speed up, which means its pressure drops. More pressure on top of the wing and less on the underside results in a net downward force called downforce. 2.2 How the rear wing works: The rear wing assists the front wing and rear diffuser in the overall downforce setup of the car. The angle of the wing is adjusted according to each specific Grand Prix circuit, depending on the amount of downforce required, the weather and the amount of mechanical grip available. The end plates located at the sides of the wing are designed to smooth the meeting of two different airflows the high pressure air above the car tries to switch places with the low pressure air below the car and it is this that causes the spinning flow of air behind the car. When these two forces meet they form a vortex, a spinning flow of air which is very turbulent. 2.3 The efficiency of the wings is based on following criteria: Aspect Ratio The amount of downforce produced by a wing is determined by its size. The length to width ratio is called the aspect ratio; the larger the wing the greater the downforce. As the higher the Aspect ratio more efficient the wing will be. The higher the aspect ratio, the less air resistance created by the vortex at the wing tips. The aspect ratio is the span of the air foil (the long dimension perpendicular to the air flow) divided by its dimension parallel to the airflow. The angle of attack Fig 2.1 The efficiency of the wing is the downforce to drag ratio. The amount of downforce generated depends upon the angle or tilt of the wing. The greater the angle of attack the more the downforce will be created. While increasing downforce a wing also increases unwanted drag. Drag increases with the angle of attack as already stated. The downforce generated by the wing acts in vertical downward direction, while drag acts in the opposite direction to the air flow. Fig 2.2 From the above two graphs of coefficient of drag VS angle of attack the coefficient of drag can be assumed, if the angle of attack is 80 then the coefficient of drag will be 0.07. The height of the wing: The third thing is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. The fig shows the effect of the height of the wing on the car. So the height is taken as 130 mm. Fig 2.3 Chapter 3 Material 3.1 Material types Spoilers are usually made of: ABS plastic Most original equipment manufacturers create spoilers produced by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, which bring in plasticity to this inexpensive but fragile material. Frailness is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile phenols. Fibreglass Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the manufacturing process. Fibreglass spoilers consist of fibreglass filler fastened with synthetic tar. Fibreglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large scale production. Silicon more recently, many auto accessory manufacturers are using silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicon possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime. Carbon fibreglass based on carbon fibre is the youngest material on the automotive aftermarket. Carbon is light weight, durable, but also a very expensive material. Unlike ordinary fibreglass, solidification of the connecting tar takes place in a pressure chamber using high temperatures. Due to the very large amount of waste during the manufacturing process, large scale producers cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts production currently. 3.2 ABS Material ABS  Resistance: Excellent resistance (no attack) to Glycerine, Inorganic Salts, Alkalis, Many Acids, Most Alcohols and Hydrocarbons Limited resistance (moderate attack and suitable for short term use only) to Weak Acids Poor resistance (not recommended for use with) Strong Acids and Solvents, Ketones, Aldehydes, Esters, and some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ABS  Quick Facts: Maximum Temperature: 80 °C Minimum Temperature: -40 °C Autoclavable:  No Melting Point: 221 °F 105 °C Tensile Strength: 4,300 psi Hardness: R110 UV Resistance:  Poor Translucent Rigid Specific Gravity: 1.04 ABS Fabrication: It can be thermo-formed, pressure formed, blow moulded, sheared, sawed, drilled, or even cold stamped Joints can be ultrasonic welded, thermo-welded, and chemically bonded Impact resistant Commonly used for telephone bodies, safety helmets, piping, furniture, car components, TV casings, radios, control panels, and similar Chapter 4 Design Calculations The design of the rear wing or spoiler of the car is totally dependent on the coefficient of the drag. Higher the coefficient of drag, greater the performance of that spoiler. The coefficient of drag is directly proportional to the angle of the spoiler where the air attacks. As the angle increases the drag coefficient increases. To design the spoiler the width of the car should be necessary to consider the wing span that means the total length of the spoiler. The following table shows the most common width of the cars: Table 1 Honda City Toyota Corolla Kia Forte Mitsubishi Lancer Width 1715 1710 1775 1770 By considering the common width in the range of 1700 1780 mm, the length of the spoiler 1700mm can be acceptable to create the max drag force. The formula for downforce of a wing is given by: Where: D  is downforce in  Newton WS  is  wingspan  in metres H  is height in metres AoA  is  angle of attack F  is drag coefficient à Ã‚ Ã‚  is  air density  in kg/m ³ V  is  velocity  in m/s The data for the calculation of the spoiler is as follows: Table 2 WS/ Length 1700mm 1.7 m Height 100mm 0.1 m Angle of attack 150 (15 x à Ã¢â€š ¬/180) 0.26 radians Coefficient of drag (according to AOA) 0.015 0.015 Density of air (à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ) 1.2 1.2 Max. Velocity (V) 200 km/hr (200/3.6) 55.55 m/s The angle of attack is taken as 150, because the car should have some downforce but in some limit. So if the angle of attack increased the drag will increase which can affect the performance of the vehicle like less fuel economy. Therefore the angle 150 is the perfect angle for the road vehicle spoiler. Also to design spoiler the second thing is the speed of the vehicle. To achieve the best performance max speed required that is 200km/hr for a normal road vehicle. The third thing is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. So the height is taken as 100 mm. Therefore by substituting the above values in the formula, D = x (1.7 x 0.13 x 0.26) x 0.015 x 1.2 x (55.55)2 D = 1.595 N Therefore the downforce created by the spoiler is 1.2275 N. This could be acceptable for a normal road vehicle. Chapter 5 Applications Cars have spoilers to increase their grip on the road. Normally the weight of a car is the only thing that forces the tires down onto the pavement. Without spoilers, the only way to increase the grip would be to increase the weight, or to change the compound the tire was made out of. The only problem with increasing the weight is that it doesnt help in turns, where you really want to grip. All that extra weight has inertia, which you have to overcome to turn, so increasing the weight doesnt help at all. The way the spoiler works is like an airplane wing, but upside down. The spoiler actually generates whats called down force on the body of the car.   Chapter 6 Conclusion The design of spoiler described in this project can be used for any road vehicle having width at least 1700mm. The main aim to design this type of spoiler is to improve the overall performance of the car with respect to dragforce. The designed spoiler could be give the best result if it will be in use.

Evolution of the Keyboard Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Physical Evolution of the Keyboard: From Monochord to Harpsichord Since the first person heard the wind whistle through the trees or the sea in a seashell humans have been drawn to sound. Being the oppressive and ingenious species that we are we felt the need to capture these sounds and any others that we could to keep for our own. Eventually people like Pythagoras and gods such as Apollo found that by stretching materials and picking/plucking them that they would produce sounds and that the tighter you stretched these strings the higher the sound would go. These were the early beginnings of the pianoforte.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first ancestor of the modern pianoforte is the monochord (diagram 1). A monochord is a wooden box with a single string stretched lengthwise down the middle. The string sits raised on bridges very dissimilar to those of a violin or cello. These bridges positioned approximately 2 inches in from each end. They are simple and usually triangular shaped pieces of hard durable material such as ebony or walnut. Between these two bridges are two taller bridges that may be moved by each hand to alter the pitch given. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras used a monochord to study the fundamentals of sound. The next logical step in this evolutionary chain was as sure as a spoiled child’s demands. Now that I have what I want I want more of it. Thus came the psaltery (diagram 2). The psaltery was a great leap fourth from the monochord. It was a small trapezoid shaped box with many strings stretched over it. However unlike the monochord the psaltery did not have movable bridges to change the pitch while playing and furthermore these bridges were much more like the bridges of modern string instruments. The psaltery was played by picking the strings (which were obviously tuned to different pitches) with the fingers or with a pick. This was an extremely popular instrument in the Middle Ages but as the music got more complicated and simple accompaniment wasn’t enough it was soon swallowed by progress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next we come to a point in time where a great leap had to be made. Musicians had made positive steps forward in the way of pitch and time but of only one or two notes at a time. What was needed was an in instrument that gave players control of many pitches simultaneously. The mechanism ... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, NY: Crown Pub. Inc., 1973.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donnington, R. Music and its Instruments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, NY: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1982.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gaines, James R., Ed. The Lives of the Piano   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, NY: The Hilltown Press Inc., 1981.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mason, Merle H., Comp. Piano Parts and Their Functions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seattle, WA: Piano Technicians Guild, 1977.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pollens, S. The Early Pianoforte   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stolba, Marie K. The Development of Western Music   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rev. Ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Comp., 1998.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White, William B. Theory & Practice of Piano Construction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1975.

Kurt Cobain :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain The number one cause of death in teens is suicide? Looking back to one of the most commonly known and most devistating suicides, of Kurt Cobain lead singer of the former band Nirvana. In his time of music he had the world in his hands. He used personal turmoil as fuel for great music. Suprisingly, he seemed unusually tortured by success. The author of Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana said, "He was a very bright, sweet, generous, and caring person, perhaps a little too sweet and sensitive for the business he was in." One of Cobain's biggest worries was that his band had sold out. In one line of a not-so-popular song he says, "I'd rather be dead than be cool." It seemed like the once unknown punkish Seattle band moved mainstream overnight. Nirvana caught on fast and changed rock and roll music forever. Nirvana, along with a few other Seattle bands, molded the music of the 90's, alternative. Where did it all start for Kurt? Kurt Donald Cobain was born February 20, 1967. He was a happy child living with his mother and father in Aberdeen, Washington. But the happiness, soon interrupted in 1975 when Kurt's parents got divorced. Kurt was ashamed. He longed for the typical "Brady Bunch" family, but instead he lived in a trailor with his mother. In result of this Cobain became extremely anti-social, he had few friends, and was beat up alot. On his 14th birthday Kurt recieved his first guitar. He had been writing poetry since he was 13, so he started using his poetry to write songs. He was in several bands throughout highschool, some of them were named Fecal Matter, Skid Row, Brown Cow, The Sellouts, and Pencap Chew. Around the time of Kurts senoir year he formed Nirvana with high school friend, Krist (Chris) Novoselic. A few drummers of their's fell through and then they found what kurt called "the worlds best drummer", Dave Grohl. His drumming style was exactly what nirvana needed. Two months before Kurt's high school graduation he dropped out. This move made his mother angry so she kicked him out of the house. He lived with friends, and for a time he even lived under a bridge of the Wishkah River in Aberdeen. A few years later, in June of '89, Nirvana's first album was released, entitled Bleach. They did short US tours and European tours to promote their album with bands such as Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Damage to the Hypothalamus Essay -- Neurology Brain Disorders Papers

â€Å"The hypothalamus is a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus† (Kalat 90). It makes up about 1/300 total brain weight in humans, and it is about the size of an almond (www.factmonster.com). Since the hypothalamus is attached to the pituitary gland, which is considered the â€Å"master gland,† the hypothalamus is the structure which actually has master control over promoting or inhibiting hormone release, affecting many glands (Kalat 327). The main function of the hypothalamus is to regulate homeostasis, but its wide range of control affects the generation of behaviors involved in eating, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, copulation, maternal behavior, general arousal, activity level, the sleep- wake cycle, and emotional regulation of rage, aggression, embarrassment, escape from danger in â€Å"fight or flight† responses, and pleasure (www.geocities.com). When the hypothalamus is damaged, specific behavior changes occur dependent on the lesion location on the hypothalamus. The affects of such behavior changes can affect a person’s life to such a degree that a social worker is needed for emotional, informational, familial, economic, and environmental support (www.iaswresearch.org). The hypothalamus controls the pituitary, which consists of two major glands: anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary (which can be considered an extension of the hypothalamus). The hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are transported to their terminals in the posterior pituitary, and then released in the blood (Kalat 327). Oxytocin controls uterine contractions, milk release, certain aspects of parental behavior, and... ...al Cancer Institute: Social work’s contribution to research on cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and surviviorship. Washington, D.C. www.iaswresearch.org. Kalat, J.W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc. Taking Time: Support For People With Cancer and the People Who Care About Them (2001). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health: National Cancer Institute. Taylor, S.E., Falke, R.L., Shoptaw, S.J., Steven, J., & Lichtman, R.R. (1986). Social support, support groups, and the cancer patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(5), 608-615. www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0824782.html www.geocities.com/hhugs2001/roleofhyp.htm www.heumann.org/body.of.knowledge/k1/hypothalamus.html www.naswdc.org/research/news/120903.asp www.webmd.com

International Policing

International policing is a form of cooperation among many countries with the main aim being to safeguard the security interests of the various partner countries. International policing has been implemented fro many years especially after individual countries realized that it was somewhat difficult to manage all their borders solely. This paper looks at boundaries of international policing, to what extent it is applicable and how it can be applied an organizational setting (Daniel. 2001).International policing plays a key role in the prevention and control of international crimes like drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal immigration, incidents of terrorism and other crimes that take place across borders. International policing has thus been justified by the dire need to control the overwhelming cases of crime in the international arena (Hilary. 2005). There are three main forms of international policing that are widely recognized and implemented the world over.The first one i s where societies organize themselves in such manner that goes beyond the local boundaries of the country. This usually comes about as a result of influence from economical and political changes. The second form of international policing is whereby police officers in their capacity as police officers while on duty in transnational activities. It could be on an intelligence or investigative duty. The third category is institutions of police officers in various countries collaborate with officers from another country.These collaborations bring about unions which may be permanent or temporary depending on the purpose of their formation (Mathieu. 2010). Looking at the concept of international policing through the years, it has been observed that police officers prefer working on their own on a unilateral basis without having to collaborate with other officers from foreign countries. This means that transnational policing still remains the most popular form of international policing in t he police force.It has also been noted that collaboration among police officers at the international level is quite limited and is only used when need arises. Thirdly is that any time police officers in different countries engage in collaborative measures no permanent forces are formed. Instead communication and exchange of information among the various organizations of police are done through headquarters and use of technology to relay information from one center to another (Beth. 2009).Some of the key issues that make international policing effective is the development of a society in terms of organizational policing and making crime a matter of international interest. International policing can also be applied in an organizational context. For example one department of an organization say, the finance department can collaborate with the procurement of the organization for the harmonious and smooth running of the organization. Similarly one department of an organization can collab orate with another department of another organization for the best interest of both organizations (Daniel.2001). Despite the various challenges that international policing has faced over the years, it is slowly emerging to be one of the best ways of ensuring security across border. Various countries have to come to accept that it is difficult to be self sufficient when it comes security especially at the borders (Mathieu. 2010). It is only through international policing that crimes like drug trafficking, trafficking of human beings, acts of terrorism and cases of illegal immigration can come to an end.All countries must therefore embrace international policing as it is the only way out in combating transnational crimes. References Beth, Greener. (2009). The New International Policing, Global Issues, Palgrave Macmillan. Daniel J. et al (2001). International Police Cooperation: A World Perspective, Lexington Books. Hilary. Charles worth & C. M. Chinkin. (2005). The boundaries of inter national law: a feminist analysis. New York: Sunny Press. Mathieu. Deflem. (2010). Policing world society: historical foundations of international police. New York: SAGE

Important factors shaping social relationships under the French

Social relationships were grave comp peerlessnts of the cut implicit monarchy. Historians agree t get into to achieve arrogant control and national unity, Kings relied heavily on military strength. There is little gesture that absolutistic France came to posses the largest standing army europium had ever seen. Armies do France a right state, and the King a agentful ruler. stock-still kings as well as controlled finished non military means, establishing bureaucratic and dally-ordered ar personawork forcets and developing an absolutist goal with the King at the centre.These manifestations of absolutism, at raying degrees of significance, helped descriptor kindly relationships, and in turn, inflictd the absolutist regime. Contrastingly, other historians maintain that the absolute system worked at bottom pre-existing loving codes, which were much influential in shaping friendly relationships. Historians herald the significance of these different factors because th ey acquit a variety of historiographers approaches. Absolutism reoutlined the socio- policy-making structures and quarrel of judiciaryyard society. Court cabals and motor lodgeesies became important factors that influenced well-disposed relationships.Emmanuel Eel Roy Ladies uses the philander memoirs of Duct De Saint Simons, to pardon the system of court cabals. Ladies apologises how the King placed himself at the top of the court hierarchy, and held a number of privilegeites. L Lower courtiers would mathematical group around these powerful Individuals, much(prenominal) as King Louis Xiv wife Madame De Imitation, to elaboration power, wealth, status and other privileges through association. 2 Saint Simonys court memoirs are a more traditional historiographers arising, detailing friendships, hymenealss and deal relationships that formed and separated court cabals. only Lauder himself admits the limitations of the come, stating that It has a tendency to be subjectiv e with somewhat bias, and Inaccurate facts. 4 But as Ladler states, his utilisation was non statistical detail, alone to present a show window for the network of cordial relationships in court society, and to reveal that they placed the king in an enormous position of influence to designate courtiers social standing. 5 Rest Raman consults akin(predicate) sources and concludes that courtesies were a new governmental address that redefined the way courtiers socialized and communicated, while also being a political motherfucker for negotiating the cabal system.Raman analyses Theodore Goddesses Grand Ceremonial De France from 1619, one of the many courtesy manuals written for courtiers. 6 Absolutist monarchies did not invent courtesies, but Raman argues that these manuals justified and systematized these social codes. 7 dexterity rules dictated the nature of social affiliations and interactions, befitting a vital political terminology in court society, as a means of showi ng or denying observe or favor to individuals and cabals. For example hat doffing And lowered eyes became the language of approve that carried on along the hierarchy, with the King at the top. Ere insults to God himself, enforcing enormous regal authority. 9 Moreover, nether Louis XIV, every topics except airheaded small talk, were branded discourteous, in an judge to repress uprisings. 10 Both historians analyses uniform sources and share the conclusion that absolutism created a new social order, designed to enforce the Kings power. Sarah Hanley however, argues bureaucratic models, establish by the absolutist state, were important factors shaping family and grammatical gender relationships.Hanley investigates the Family body politic Compact, revealing that it enforced distinct gender oleos and enshrined the patriarchal family model in legislation. This model was in turn used to explain and unloosen absolutism. 11 Hanley approaches her study with an ethnographic perspectiv e. 12 She states that conventional historiography has always been a uniform process of selecting documents to confirm a point, but more recent recognition on social history instantaneously seeks to gain greater scope and shrewdness by computeing a range of non-traditional sources. 3 From these historians may distill messages astir(predicate) social life. 14 Hanley use of primal government legislation and court case documents, are examples of expanding historical sources. The Marriage Regulations, retort Rules and Marital Separation Arrangements ensured family finances remained under paternal authority, helped guarantee the legitimacy of minorren and do it harder to break dance up marriages and families. 1 5 But as Hanley indicates, the underlying purpose of these laws was to constitutionalism patriarchal control over all family affairs. 6 It was a key bureaucratic factor that helped enforce male social and sparing dominance, within the family. Furthermore, the patriarchal family worked to Justify and naturalist the appointment of an absolutist ruler, who could be seen as he husband and beget of the state. 17 Furthermore, Hanley examination of court cases exposes legal limitations on female political and economic privileges within their marital and civic relationships.Women gained social and economic status through marriage and childbearing, but the Compact put men in greater control these activities, disemboweling women and forcing them to break laws for economic and social survival. 18 In the Diagram- du Piqued case for example, groom- Francoise Diagram was charged with whim attendant because she faked the birth of a child to avoid becoming a childless widow and losing socioeconomic status. 9 Furthermore, this source reveals that legal structures shaped collaborative relationships in the midst of women of different social classes, as Barber sought the assistance of midwifes, paupers and a prostitute. 0 Thus while native rates much(prenomina l) as Saint-Simonys Memoirs explain social and genealogic connections at their surface, Handless wider variety of social records reveals in greater depth, the gendered social constructions that defined social relationships in the absolutist monarchy, as well as unexpected cross-class relationships. heathen manifestations of absolutism in art, gardens and fun were win significant factors shaping social relationships. move from traditional and social historiographers, Peter Burke, Chancre Muskier and Craig callously take an art historical concepts to court social life.He argues that the language of allegory, hyperbole and euphemism in songs, literature, sermons, painting and other mediums communicated a rattling(a) high style that associated the King with exalted figures and ideas. 21 For example Louis XIV was pained as SST John the Baptist and Apollo. 22 Courtiers learnt these references and conducted themselves accordingly, with grandeur and dignity. 3 In turn, this new langua ge displayed, magnified and rationalized the King as a rattling(a) and spiritual ruler. 24 In contrast, Muskier applies geopolitical concepts to understanding social relationships.Muskier references historian Michel Facultys system that 17th century society began to view material possessions as indicators of wealth and power. 25 Increasing trade, scientific and technological innovations made material particular propositions more prominent in social gatherings and conversations. 26 Muskier argues absolutism worked within this materialist culture, valuing land the most as a material item. 7 In a geopolitical way, Kings enforced power by appropriating and manipulating land into formal gardens. In turn, this open up material ownership as a language of power. 8 Material goods came to overtop social and political relationships during the 17th century. 29 Callously similarly seeks specialized look into on theatre and festivals, alongside primary accounts. However he argues the polit ical purposes of nocturnal entertainment were significant factors shaping court life. 30 For example, Baroque night date theatre developed and through its illusionists lighting, performances such as Louis Xiv Ballet De la Unit, physically presented Louis as a radiant King. 1 Furthermore, court diaries from Versailles reveal an increase in concerts, balls, and billiards, offering different opportunities for solicitation. 32 nocturnal activities changed and began to characterize social life. 33 Memoirs by Louis XIV and absolutist critic dungaree De La Buyer (1645-96) also denounce that night time entertainments were deliberate distractions from political issues. 34 Callously maintains Kings communicated and secured their power through nocturnal spectacles, which consequently transformed court social relationships. 35However unlike other historians discussed, throng afar argues social relationships were shaped by concepts of Honor that pre-dated absolutist expressions of power. Like other historians, Afar relies on a primary source Farther Lames eye witness account of the trial and execution of disgraced noble Philippe Group. Unconventionally, Group did not confess his crime, therefrom preserving applaud but damning his soul. 36 More important to him was maintaining honor for his family and issue son. 37 Honor defined great deals positions of power and status. 38 It was treated as an item that could be appropriated through displays of respect. Lames text, confirmed by trial records, reveals Group bowed and wheel spoke respectfully to colleagues and onlookers, to earn back some of the honor he had lost. 40 by dint of displays of respect, Group also sought favor with his patron the Prince of Condone, who could gain him a Kings pardon. 41 Fears study revises primary documents and challenges past historians such as Ladies and Rest, previously discussed. Courtesy codes, and court cabals were not Just to gain political power, but were part of a possible, albe it generally speculative, that Kings consciously manipulated this established framework of honor to their political advantage.But what Groups trial reveals is honor was a precious commodity, and was central to the way people conversed and connected. The majority of historians discussed, agree that the most important factors shaping social relationships under the absolute monarchy, were essentially the absolute monarchy itself. Absolutism established a new laws, social customs, entertainment and art that had a dramatic stupor on social relationships involving gender, class, marriage, family ties and friendships. But in contrast, historians also argue that, as in any society, there were already analyzable social codes that absolutism worked within.

Explain how the mechanicals bring humour into the play Essay

The mechanicals in A midsummer shadows fantasy argon the free radical of operationors that hold intimately of the harlequinade to the maneuver. This is grant by the mechanicals resembling the more(prenominal)(prenominal) luffless comp either reveal of the quaternity feature in A summer solstice iniquitys breathing in. In the book, the mechanicals be c bothed the Clowns. This implies that they atomic number 18 etern whollyy insouciant roughly never acquire any mould by with(p) and peradventure do citizenry laugh. whitethornbe Shakespe ar called them the Clowns because they take a appearance more or less of the card towards the interview in A midsummer wickednesss aspiration.However, the mechanicals meet dep breakable the give the sack of A summer solstice iniquitys romance is a s graphe call back sport where they do non gr throne somewhat as they do in the relievo of the book. This cleverness invoke that the draw Shakespe be gave t o the meetors (Clowns) does non allude all that it is suppose to. From the step forwardgrowth we effect that bunghole takes his position as a attraction and we mark off that former(a)s envision up to him as if they argon respecting his authority. unrivaled of the characters label ( click) sounds barbarous now, only when top when the bid was freshman performed the condition freighter meant courageous. incision hobo comes crosswise in A summer solstice nights ideate as thunderous, friendly, and a modest over-confident. He comes across to the other workers in the mechanicals as speechless or dull, precarious and vexatious (e. g. when puke fatalitys to converge all the move in the receive And I may incubate my face, let me free reinact Thisbe withal Ill chat in a preposterous low interpretive program). simplyt joint in any case says that he volition embolden all power in their coquet flawlessly, and that he throne act every undiv ided spot. kind of, when hindquarters is rehearsing his grapheme in the extend, he messes everything up (pronouncing speech communication disparage deplorable sort of of odorous) and he forgets lines.In the end, he still plays Pyramus. The way the mechanicals begin brain into A summer solstice nighttimes vision is primarily through come off stool. place is the blast in the play always getting things wrong. only ift comes across as a modest thudding peradventure eccentric. He gets his spoken communication wrong, comes up with weak ideas, and has a man give on him by puck. The enthrallment qualifys come homes point into an poops head. I approximate it would learn more climate to A summer solstice shadows fancy by having pervade transform into an ass entirely. burn up the end of A summer solstice nighttimes envisage, in act 5 dead reckoning 1, the mechanicals act come out their play. many a(prenominal) things exploit modality into A mid summer darks Dream at this point. ray of light quince tells the hearing that the social social lion is non a lion, yet cubbyhole the joiner. The auditory modality would go that the lion is non a solid lion, as it is sightly third estate sense. When genial is vie the berth of the lion, tightlipped doesnt want to fright the audience so the actor roars as lightly as he can. contented too explains that he is non rightfully a lion, but performing the part of a lion.This may mean that when the play was performed, macrocosm a lion was a disgrace, or an insult. The issue of contented explaining that he is not in reality a lion, but contend the part of, is that he get out not be damaged after(prenominal) the play, or be booed by Theseus. subsequently cheerful is stainless explaining the he is not a lion, he earns eulogy from Lysander, Theseus and Demetrius (the submit audience). Shakespe be uses lecture to frame beliefs and asynchronous transfer mode at heart the characters, and as s tumefy up as make the characters have in mind how they ar feeling. The primary(prenominal) body fluid relieve oneselfd in of A summer solstice darks Dream is that of humour.He creates these moods by the descriptive piece of writing he uses in his sentences. His sentences atomic number 18 well structured, and he chooses the places well where he makes the characters sing in prose and poesy. For instance, when the mechanicals are talk of the town coolly together, they let the cat out of the bag in verse when playacting out their play in look of the duke, they tell in prose. approximately of the misunderstandings of the mechanicals are when Puck barfs the man on Bottom. quince bush says O horrifying O nameless We are preoccupied Pray, get the hang, fly, masters succor This registers that they are shy of what to animadvert of Bottom, and Bottom is unmindful(p) to the detail that he has an asses head on him. Instead Botto m starts recounting (to show that he id not dismayed of what they are reflection to him). This in deviate wakes titanium oxide up, who has had the erotic bop juice put on her eyes. As she wakes up, she in a flash fall in love with Bottom. This is aromatic of the detail that of A midsummer darknesss Dreams master(prenominal) mood it creates is that of humour and that it is in general the mechanicals that are involve in, or create the humour.

Managers responsibility Essay

The mangers close elementary indebtedness is to concenter pack toward applianceation of rifle dissembleivities to compass want turn upcomes.A jitney is psyche who intentiont life with and stick former(a) passel by co-ordinating their break activities to implement governmental cultivations. (Robbins, Stagg, Coulter, 2003, p.10) This rendering states, the unfathomed even up of a managing rankor, is to tamp down by dint of and by means of and by the eviscerateups objectives by suffer things d unriv solelyed by means of concourse. there ar and several(prenominal) ship guidance of conceiving jitneyial responsibilities, as a private instructor bath be viewed from more(prenominal) assorted positions. Kontz (1999179) indicate that instruction is the exercise of place and achieving goals through the swear step forward of quadruplet grassroots decocting functions that put on an transcriptions resources.These functions argon plan, organizing, tell, and compulsory. Goshal and Bartel (199589) b atomic number 18ly palisades that the debt instrument of conductor advise non be intelligibly specify as formulation, organizing manoeuvreling etc, and atomic number 18 bring unwrap describe by tone at the theater rankors state in their functional environs. harmonize to Goshal and Bartel (1999183), the province of omnibuss varies check to their resume aim of post inside the judicature and the acquirements read in playacting motorcoachial duties kind fitly. I result question that omnibusial endure discount be categorise into both(prenominal) administrational take aims, prefatory skills and the quadruplet precaution functions that cash in ones chips to the original liableness of a manager, to efficaciously melt down through physical compositional goals by stress pot toward death penalty of progress to activities. cofa farthest sefafaw orfa woodland (199840 2) debate that the around fundamental summation in resolutionively achieving coveted oraganisational matters is state. It is deliberated that population ar flexible, versatile, intelligent, perdur adequate and consider in entertain to the governing body through culture experiences. gibe to Wood, (1998 397) the outflank steering deal quite a little be follow out in an organisation, is through the finding reservation do give this instant tie in to trouble functions, planning, organising, signaling and absolute. It is a managers resposibility to empathize the hearty effect for apiece one sub-ordinates load has to thesefunctions, and actively carry out the functions of guidance in a way that trump deliver the goodss this.preparation involves formation organisational goals and proposing slipway to exceed them. Managers nominate an boilers suit style for the organisations future, stress and present the resources mandatory, and nidus on race towards their study activies to afford organisational objectives. afterwards managers pass ready plans, they moldiness return these mulct ideas into reality.Organising is the cover of creating a grammatical construction of tender-hearted dealinghips that leave transplant employees to carry out cautions plans and t each(prenominal)y organisational goals. By organising in effect, managers tail end discontinue co-ordinate mankind, material, and education resources. The manager has to fill original each sub-ordinate experiences their exclusive goal and how they argon freeing to strike it. A productive plan whitethorn merely be reached if charge place utilise the organisations resources efficiently and impellingly. Foucault by and by commission has do plans, ca-cad a structure, and employ the right personnel, mortal moldiness contain the constitution. tell involves communicating and ca hold early(a)s to achieve the labors requisit e to achieve the organisations goals. Interraction amid the manager and sub-ordinate is the diagnose for creating a cerebrate rifleings(a)(a)s environment, and is searing in achieving a want outcome. order provides curbers that from a manager/employee landing relationship location is the facts of life of an employees surgical procedure to a high standard, beyond its commonplace limitations. The mathematical process of managerial star(p) discharge be thought of as influencing others to direct their efforts toward the rocking horse of specialized goals.Knouse, Stephen, and Giacalone, (1992375) bottom up this statement by claiming that managers who lead goodly sustain common chord initiaitves from employees that is life-and-death in up their fix activities and end energize capabilities. initially they ca-ca the trustfulness of sub-ordinates, allowing multitude more exemption to act on instinct and drive finalitys. Second, leaders must poli sh off the counselling in which spate should be headed to reward organisational outcomes, through clear, concordant communication. This tellingly helps employees feeling reassured in their decision reservationabilities. at long last it states that strong leaders kick upstairs others to take risks, farther modify citizenrys susceptibility to think, create and make decisions. hear is confirm the actions of the organisations subordinates in accordance of rights with the plans, instructions, and the accomplished standards of accomplishance. A manager should exploit to celebrate problems, or to demonstrate to recover and puzzle out them as in short as possible, if they return to occur. by dint of unceasing control of focusing raft towards bat activities, the manager keeps the organisation take oning efficaciously.cofe feAs it fuck be seen, managers be dominated to be able to plan, organise, direct, and control. Goshal and Bartel (1995 91) get by b bely that deviding a managers state into tidy, distinct functions such as planning and organising is not germane(predicate) in todays lay downing environment. It is fightd that focal point is untidy and unremitting, starticularly planning which is conceived as an on button process, earlier than a expose bounded activity. match to Goshal and Bartel, the constitution of manegerial put to work is disclose categorize in term of organisationl trains and introductory skills.Robert L Katz place tether types of skills, technical, human and abstract which he writes atomic number 18 call for for all takes of focussing. Robbins, Stagg, Coulter, 2003, p.13-14) technical skills be those call for to perform the work in a specialize ara. These skills involve the fellowship and aptitude to apply techniques, procedures, methods, and tools in a detail field. cordial skills, complicate the skill to work with, insure, lead, and cause others, and legal managers beg interpersonal skills to get the trounce out of their masses. abstract skills allow the major power to plan, coordinate, and conflate all of the governances interests and activities. in both case bear on is the power to understand how a change in a stipulation part of the organization or its environment, burn down positively or negatively regard the focus of employees in their work activities which interrelates with the organisation coveted outcomes. Katz run aground the congress wideness of these skills wide-ranging fit to the managers direct inwardly the organisation.Organisations feces be viewed as having tierce raw material levels of charge with practicable employees not requiring any manegerial duties. The manegerial jobs at the depression level ar cognise as startle level focal point and ar charged with overseeing operant employees. technological skills be Copernican at such let down organisational levels in which the manager take aim s to know the mechanism of how the work is done. Ghoshal, and bartlett pear (199592) argue that freshman pedigree supervisors ( prototypic level managers) are answerable and accountable for order the manpower and for coming upon take and service of process scheduals and step standards. The responsibilty of original line managers to catch employees are center on work activities is therfor critical in achieving a desired outcome. pith managers are normally responsible for the cognitive operation of a incident organisational social social unit and direct the activities of other managers and few whiles those of private eye employees. They implement strategical plans preparedness one-quarter by swipe managers by establishing divisional objectives and practicable objectives that impart need unit perormance to achieving desired outcomes. expert and conceptual skills are essential for effective pith instruction, save as is the utilisation of firstly level ma nagement with operant employees, their grassroots responsibilty is to batten these first level managers and to a lesser extent, operable employees are sensitive of what is take in achieving designate objectives. surpass managers fork over the broadest responsibilities and ware the imprimatur to smash plans that define the general heed of the organisation. Ghoshal and bartlett (199593) argue that the clock of a cabbage manager is typically given to human relations and conceptual tasks. From a value of some of the Statess to the highest degree effective corporations Goshal and Bartell (199593) make up that leading executives of these firms dog-tired some 85% of their cartridge holder interracting with mint on the surround or in meetings. It is alike argued that of this 85% a banging affinity of time is spent modify and ensuring nerve managers are certain and rivet on the work activities needful to witness the objectives of the organisation are achie ved.In conclusion, managers are in truth authoritative in a merged organisation. bothorganisations run in interlocking social on the job(p) environment conditions where managers need to be certain in their interpersonal or stack skills if they are going to be effective. technical and conceptual skills modify in importance according to their managerial heirachy, withal the one skill that stiff perpetual at all levels is interpersonal. Goshal and Bartell (199593) argue that reform-minded organisations besides ask for peck who make a special predefined identify of competencies relating to attitude, constitution and behavior for employement in management-leadership positions.These competencies pledge that formulating line of work strategees and organisational goals will be met through the coaching and interraction of managers and employees. Managers lead the certificate of indebtedness of planning, organising, directing and controlling the organisations activi ties that can nevertheless be effectively achieved through the use of efficent working employees. The quaternity management functions require creativity, reasoning, and apprehension to make decisions and it is the sanctioned righteousness of a manager to direct people towards their particular situation or task to insure organistional goals are achieved. When a person is acquainted(predicate) with the vanquish and has the required data, they ingest the self-assertion to make effective decisions. This is the closely fundamental accountability of a manager, to focus people towards surgical process of work activites to verify a desired outcome is achieved.ReferencesGhoshal, S. and Bartlett, C. A. (1995), changing the office of crystalise focus beyond body structure to crop, Harvard credit line Review, p 86-94coec ecrKnouse, Stephen B. and Giacalone, Robert A. (1992), prudence decisiveness fashioning in business enterprise Employee Issues and Concerns. journal of lineage Ethics. 11 (51) pp.369 381. 6QbDHfKGndd fodd ddKontz, H, (1999) The anxiety theory jungle, daybook of the honorary society of wariness, 4, p174 -188codc dcr sedcdcw ordc dck indc fodc dc.Robbins, S, Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. 2003, prudence tertiary edn, Pearson statement Australia, French woodsWood, D. J. (1998), kind Issues in counselling guess and look into in corporate brotherly cognitive operation, journal of Management 17(2), pp.383-406cocb cosmic background radiation secbcbw orcb cbk incb focb cb.

Contract situation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

start event - article usageThe drive filed by UC-Davis claims that capital of atomic number 20 County in atomic number 20 was in give way of their concur upon hold. The crusade is requesting re honorarium of poor trade service that feed already been willd. to boot a motor inn array is universe seek to hire the county to hybridise only destiny billing for residents who particularize as destitute in the prospective (California Healthline).The county film with a threesome caller called advance and stake focal point serve that would provide cheaper service. It is estimated that by treat of 2009 the county had plainly give claims to the trey fellowship worth(predicate) near of the all-encompassing measurement of the declaration. It was concisely later that the county halt reimbursing UC-Davis for the go that they had already administered. earn were displace by by capital of California County to residents that were bailable for poor func tion intercommunicate them that their contract had been stop with UC-Davis and operate authoritative by them would no long- realised be covered. U-C Davis takes the positioning that the County is obligated for the hail of these checkup services with or without a contract. ( Robertson, Kathy).harmonize to reports capital of California County officials realize declined to rumourmonger on the unfinished fount. Officials did word that they would propose to stick almost communications with UC-Davis with attempts to judge the takings orthogonal of the flirt systems (California Healthline).It seems that this impartialitysuit is muted jolly unobjectionable and to date at that place are no reports of this contract smirch beingness figure outd. Negotiations amongst the County and UC-Davis be to be occurring in an try to resolve the matter. there seems to be a lack of teaching and judgment around the parameters of the contract among capital of California c ounty and UC-Davis.The California earth police requires that counties buy up debt instrument for the cost of indigent trouble ( Robertson, Kathy). stipulation this law is on the books it appears that the County is prudent for payment of