Essay Examples on Black panthers Essay Example

Essay Examples on Black panthers Paper 1st Essay Sample on black panthers Bobby Seale was one of the co-founders of the Black Panther Party. He was born on October 22, 1939 in Dallas Texas.By the time Bobby was ten his family moved to Oakland, California where he would have a rough childhood. Seales family was very poor so this only added to his dire childhood. Bobby eventually dropped out of high school and at 18 he was indicted into the Air Force. He was immediately sent to Amarillo, Texas to receive training as an aircraft sheet-metal mechanic. He soon graduated from the Technical School Class of Air Force training with honors.After that, he was moved to Rapid City, South Dakota at Ellsworth Air Force Base. Bobby served here for three and a half years and left with the rank of corporal. After he left the Air Force he enrolled at Merrit College in Oakland where he intended to study engineering. Bobbyfirst became interested in 1962 when hefirst heard Malcolm-X speak. During his enrollment at the University, he joined the Afro-American Association (AAA) which was an organization formed by young African-Americans in Oakland to try to confront the problems faced by the black community. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Black panthers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Black panthers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Black panthers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This was an organization that tried to confront the problem faced by the black community. Seale got interested very quickly and was inspired by such people as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois. Anothermember of the AAA named Huey Newton had very similar beliefs as Bobby. Soon Bobby became one of the many black activists who broke away from the traditional non-violent protests to preach a doctrine of militant black empowerment. Bobby and Huey became very close friends and in 1966 formed the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Bobby Seale is still alive today and is no longer involved in violent protests. He is running his own web site that tells of his adventures and why he did everything he did in his earlier years. 2nd Essay Sample on black panthers The Black Panthers, an organization of radical and political views, was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seales original goal when theyfirst founded this organization was to protect the African Americans from police actions that many blacks considered brutality. When theyfirst established this group, it was named the Black Panther Party. This Self Defense label did eventually drop from their name not to long after the organization became known. Over time, the group began to favor violent revolution, if necessary to bring out change in society. During the middle 1960s the Black Panthers began to work with the white radical and revolutionary groups that shared their goals. This often caused major violent disagreements between the police and African Americans. In 1972, Black Panther, Elmer Pratt, was convicted of a robbery-related murder and sentenced to 27 years imprisonment. Pratt was announced in the Times Daily as a Vietnam War Hero, and he was admired for his charisma and warrior spirit. It also stated that as an opinion†¦ Pratt was framed for the murder by the authorities because he dared to stand up for his people as the leader of the Black Panther Party. Pratts lawyer, Johnnie L. Cochran, was well convinced that Pratt would not receive a fair trail. With the help of Pratt, Mr. Cochran helped the public understand how the Black Panthers help the black communities in need. Stating that the Black Panthers are a group of black people who mixed black, nationalism and socialism, shotguns, free breakfast programs for children, medical clinics, and free schools for the black community. Although never proven anything but guilty, it is very possible that Pratt was innocent of murder. 3rd Essay Sample on Black Panthers The Black Panther Party was founded as an aid to the black community.They fed the hungry, protected the weak from racist police, and presented a new paradigm of black political and social activism.Its â€Å"survival programs†-such as food giveaways, free health clinics and free breakfast programs for children-were popular fixtures in black neighborhoods in the early 1970s, but for the white power structure and the vast majority of the white public, the Panthers represented only anti-government militancy; a view which engendered the wrath of the police and FBI and led to the murder of several party members by law enforcement.The question that stands is not whether their platform had good intentions, but whether their requests were too brash.When minority groups ask the majority for equality and a place in society, they must know who to ask and when.When Martin Luther King Jr. made his platform for his civil rights movement, he had the understanding that they were the unde! rdo g and he had to please the white-man, and make everyone believe he spoke of the truth.When a minority group comes onto the scene, it is assumed they have a group of followers.These followers are the foot soldiers for ones platform.However, what the minority groups leaders must be able to recognize, is how to make non-believers do the unthinkable.The Black Panthers had the right concept to attract fellow blacks, but what they failed to recognize is that their platform did not give the white person a reason to want to believe. The Black Panther Platform: What We Want, What We Believe, was written to let the public know what they wanted and how they were going to achieve it.With little effort they appealed to the black community, with the main idea of unification.This concept was not a diificult one to grasp, because the blacks had very little to lose. Another Essay Sample on Black Panthers The Black Panther Party was founded as an aid to the black community.They fed the hungry, protected the weak from racist police, and presented a new paradigm of black political and social activism.Its â€Å"survival programs†-such as food giveaways, free health clinics and free breakfast programs for children-were popular fixtures in black neighborhoods in the early 1970s, but for the white power structure and the vast majority of the white public, the Panthers represented only anti-government militancy; a view which engendered the wrath of the police and FBI and led to the murder of several party members by law enforcement.The question that stands is not whether their platform had good intentions, but whether their requests were too brash.When minority groups ask the majority for equality and a place in society, they must know who to ask and when.When Martin Luther King Jr. made his platform for his civil rights movement, he had the understanding that they were the underdog and he had to please the white-man, and make everyone believe he spoke of the truth.When a minority group comes onto the scene, it is assumed they have a group of followers.These followers are the foot soldiers for ones platform.However, what the minority groups leaders must be able to recognize, is how to make non-believers do the unthinkable.The Black Panthers had the right concept to attract fellow blacks, but what they failed to recognize is that their platform did not give the white person a reason to want to believe. The Black Panther Platform: What We Want, What We Believe, was written to let the public know what they wanted and how they were going to achieve it.With little effort they appealed to the black community, with the main idea of unification.This concept was not a diificult one to grasp, because the blacks had very little to lose.

Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy

Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy Introduction According to Edirisuriya (2010, 5), monetary policy is the regulation of the monetary supply and interest rates by a central bank so as to counter inflation and make the local currency more stable. Monetary policy refers to the actions and policies initiated by a country, through its central bank or through other government regulatory authorities to control the supply and flow of money in the economy. Monetary policies impact the economy in terms of short term interest rates, inflation rates and liquidity in the domestic country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As per the theoretical model of money supply and inflation, increases in money supply in an economy will lead to inflationary pressures. An expansionary monetary policy is meant to help grow a country’s economy. Expansionary policies increase money supply in the econo my through government investment programs, which usually leads to inflationary pressures. Monetary policies are not always enough in the maintenance of stable inflation levels because the inflation rates may also be influenced by changes to the global economy. For instance the oil crisis in 1970 and the recent financial crisis and global recession in 2008 influenced almost all economies in the world (Kidwell, Brimble, Beal and Willis 2007, 56). Australia and the Hong Kong monetary policy Australian monetary policy In Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia is in charge of inventing and putting into practice the monetary policy. Monetary policy resolutions engage setting the interest rates on overnight advances in the money market. Other interest rates in the economy are influenced by these interest rates to varying levels, so that the actions of those borrowing and lending in the financial markets is influenced by monetary policy, although maybe by other factors. The objectives of the monetary policy are to attain the â€Å"goals set forth in the Reserve Bank Act 1959, which are; stabilise the Australian currency; maintain full employment in the country; and ensure economic development and welfare of the Australian people† (Hunt and Terry 2008, 19). The primary medium-term goal of the Australian monetary policy is to counter inflation, so an inflation mark is therefore the focus of the monetary policy approach. â€Å"The Governor and the Treasurer have concurred that the appropriate target for monetary policy is to attain an inflation rate of 2 to 3%, on average, over the cycle† (Hunt and Terry 2008, 24). This is a rate of inflation adequately low that it doesn’t significantly deform economic decisions in the society in quest to attain this rate, on average, gives discipline for monetary policy decision making, and acts as a pivot for private sector inflation anticipations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let' s see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the past decade, the monetary-policy structure in Australia has changed significantly. Currently, Australia uses an inflation-targeting approach to monetary policy. The inflation target is explained as a medium term average instead of a rate, which should be held at any given time. This formulation gives room for any expected in eventualities, which are entailed in predicting, and snarls in the impacts of the monetary policy on the economy. Occurrence in Australia and all over the world has proven that inflation is hard to fine tune given a tapered band. The inflation target is also, essentially, positive and optimistic. This framework allows responsibility for monetary policy in countering the variations in output over the ongoing of the business cycle. When collective demand in the economy is low, monetary policy can be eased that will provide a short term stimulus to economic action (Canov a and Pappa 2007, 727; Lewis and Wallace 1997, 39). The principal responsibility of the Australian monetary policy is the open markets operation. This involves controlling the amount of money in distribution in the economy through the trade of the different financial instruments, for example government bonds, company bonds, treasury paper and forex exchange. This trade leads to more or less base currency inflowing or out flowing in the market. However, normally the short-term objective of open markets operation is to attain a certain short-term interest rate standard level. In other cases, monetary policies might rather involve the aiming of a particular currency exchange rate comparative to some overseas currencies or else comparative to valuable metals. Whenever a fiscal deficit is high, the government demand for debt funding will decrease the amounts of money available in the economy as capital investment in the private sector and hence limiting economic development (Edirisuriya 2010, 56). In Australia, â€Å"the central bank adjusts the official cash rate so as to assist keep inflation within sustainable levels. The International Monetary Fund argues that in order to allow more policy â€Å"room† at the time of crises, an economy needs to set a higher inflation target† (Reserve Bank of Australia 2011). The Reserve Bank of Australia applies an inflationary range of 2 to 3 percent as its reference when coming up with monetary policy resolutions. Thus, the Reserve Bank uses interest rates so as to calm an overheating economy (by increasing the cash rate) or to pace up a snarling economy (by reducing the cash rates). Flow of the cash rate is fast fed through to other capital markets interest rates, for example money market rates and bond yields. These interest rates are also affected by the risk forbearance of depositors and shareholders and utility for holding their funds in a form that they are easily exchangeable.Advertising We will wr ite a custom essay sample on Australian and Hong Kong monetary policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"The cash rate and other capital markets interest rates then passed through to the whole framework of depositing and loaning rates. In Australia, most deposits and loans are at variable or short term fixed rates, therefore there is a high pass through of variances in the cash rate to depositing and lending rates† (CPDS, 2011). Nevertheless, because of the other aspects affecting capital markets rates, and variations in the degree of competition in the banking sector, deposits and lending rates do not always change directly with the cash rate. Nevertheless, Australia’s monetary policy is one of the most liberal approaches worldwide today, with many other nations struggling with an inflationary range of between 1 and 2 percent (Valentine, Ford, Edwards, Sundmacher and Copp 2006, 124). The strength of the Australian monetary policy can be better seen in the way Australia rode out the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. It was far much better than most other countries. At the time of the financial crisis, Australia could not escape the wrath of the economic crisis because; at the time, Australia was ongoing into an acute shortage of capital that made it be at risk particularly if property values went down; safeguard against a financial crisis would be ineffective due to lack of serious international attempts to solve ongoing worldwide macro-economic issues; in addition, there were practical limitations on essentially mounting foreseen protection. However in 2009, the federal government responded to the risk and pumped in a $42 billion package to increase spending and payment to individuals to increase demand. This in a way adequately addressed the symptoms of the failure of the GFC (that is, the distortion of the economy). Monetary policy in Hong Kong The government of Hong Kong is directly responsible for formulating monetary and fiscal policies according to Article 110 of the Basic Law (Osborne 2007). Therefore, there isn’t any external control from either Main Land China or PBoC thus leaving the Hong Kong Government fully autonomous on its monetary policies. Hong Kong monetary policy mandate is to maintain currency and economic stability in the region. Due to the fact that Hong Kong’s economy is externally oriented, the HKMA is obligated to have a stable exchange rate against foreign exchange markets. â€Å"The currency board arrangements, requires the Hong Kong dollar monetary base to be at least 100 per cent backed by, and changes in it to be 100 per cent matched by corresponding changes in US dollar reserves held in the Exchange Fund at the fixed exchange rate of HK$7.80 to US$1† (HKMA, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stability of the Hong Kong Dollar is maintained through a system known as the â€Å"interest rate adjustment Mechanism†. The monetary policy is therefore formulated and implemented by the Hong Kong’s central bank. It stabilizes the economy by further adjusting the interests’ rates and money supply just like it did during the 2008 recession especially, given the fact that price stability for vital items such as oil is the main target of the central bank when adjusting interest rates and money supply (HKMA, 2011). Since the introduction of the fixed exchange rate, note issuing financial institutions has been required have certificates of indebtedness which are issued by the Hongs Kong’s Exchange Fund which acts as a backup for the bank note issuance which are usually made against the US dollar. â€Å"The expansion or contraction in the monetary base leads interest rates for the domestic currency to fall or rise, respectively, creating the monetary cond itions that automatically counteract the original capital movements, ensuring stability of the exchange rate† (HongKong2004, 2011). Hong Kong Monetary policy dictates that there be a fixed exchange rate against the dollar, though a lot of debates have emerged over this issue, Hong Kong has continued to prosper economically due to this policy. The economic prosperity is due to the transparent and dependable monetary discipline that is associated with the currency exchange rate. In addition, this exchange rate has also influenced the interest rates especially in the just past recession. The Hong Kong’s policy of a fixed exchange rate made it avert serious economical crises in Hong Kong which would have resulted in further economy depreciations and damage to the region’s economy (Mishkin and Eakins 2006, 56). However in 2008, Hong Kong slid in the global recession thereby joining other global economies that were experiencing the same issue. Due to the recession, its GDP fell by 0.4 percent thereby derailing the economy of the region. In order to control recession and have a stable economy, the Hong Kong monetary policy is keen on having a transparent policy that will ensure that the financial sector and the public in general is quite aware of the functions of the currency board that is charged with implementing the Hong Kong’s monetary policy. In order to achieve this, the board the board publishes its currency accounts on a monthly basis. Furthermore, the Hong Kong Government fully supports the continuous interrelation of the linked exchange rate system that is the keystone to Hong Kong’s Monetary and fiscal stability. Comparison and contrast between the two monetary policies Both Australia and Hong Kong use open market operations to impose control over monetary supply. Open market operation involves the buying and selling of government treasury bonds and papers. Primarily, the short term objectives for open market operation are specified by the currency board system. These objectives are often to attain a specific level of currency reserves or a given interest rate (Anonymous 2011). Unlike Australia, Hong Kong uses a pegged exchange rate system that adjusts the exchange rate of Hong Kong Dollar; this means that the Hong Kong Monetary Authority does not dictate the monetary supply. Because under the currency board system, monetary supply is determined by market forces of demand and supply, the market demand exclusively depends on the flow of capital, that is, the inflow or outflow of capital would direct to an adjustments in the interest rates rather than the exchange rate. For instance, when there is an inflow of capital into the financial system, the currency foot would rise. However, the issue reverses when there is an outflow of capital. According to the pegged exchange rate system, the currency board cannot determine the interest rates independently or alter the exchange rates; hence it does not have the privilege to formulate monetary policies. Indeed, the current financial system ensures the authority does not print as many bank notes as it would like, hence lowering the likelihood of inflation. Currently, Australia has a flexible exchange rate system against all currencies making it one of the most liberal currency markets in the world (HK gov. 2011). In Australia, the Governor and Treasurer are responsible for formulating the monetary policy objectives and monetary system, while in Hong Kong the HKMA has to attain the monetary policy goals on its own, this could include finding out related approaches, instruments and ways of implementation, to make sure the stability and reliability of the financial system of Hong Kong. References Anonymous, 30th April 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy Week In Review – 30 April 2011.† Daily Markets, p. 9. Canova, F. and Pappa, E., 2007. â€Å"Price Differentials in Monetary Unions: The Role of Fiscal Shocks.† The Economic Jour nal, 117, 713-737. CPDS, 2011. â€Å"Defending Australia from the financial crisis.† CPDS. Retrieved from http://cpds.apana.org.au/Teams/Articles/Fortress.htm Edirisuriya, P., 2010. Money and capital markets. New York: McGraw-Hill. HK gov. 2011. â€Å"Monetary policy.† HK gov. Retrieved from www.info.gov.hk/hkma/ar2005/english/summary/pdf/hkma.pdf HKMA, 2011. â€Å"Monetary policy.† Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved from info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/oversight/index.htm HongKong2004, 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy.† HongKong2004. Retrieved from yearbook.gov.hk/2004/en/04_10.htm Hunt, B. and Terry, C., 2008. Financial institutions and markets (5th ed. Melbourne: Thomson. Kidwell, D. S, Brimble, M., Beal D. and Willis, D., 2007. Financial markets, institutions and money. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Lewis, M. K. and Wallace, R. H., 1997. The Australian financial system. South Melbourne: Longman. Mishkin F. S. and Eakins S. G., 2006. Financial markets and institutions, 6th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley. Osborne, S., 2007. Abolish the Hong Kong dollar,† says Jim Rogers. Asian Inverstor (Hong Kong and the magic rainbow land: Asian Inverstor). Retrieved from asianinvestor.net/News/96839,abolish-the-hong-kong-dollar-says-jim-rogers.aspx?refresh=on Reserve Bank of Australia, 2011. â€Å"Monetary Policy.† RBA. Retrieved from rba.gov.au Valentine, T., Ford G., Edwards V., Sundmacher, M. and Copp, R., 2006. Financial markets and institutions in Australia, 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education. Yeates, C., 2010. Aussie now fifth most traded currency. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from smh.com.au/business/aussie-now-fifth-mosttraded-currency-20100901-14nma.html

The Susquehanna Indian Tribe of Pennsylvania Essay

The Susquehanna Indian Tribe of Pennsylvania - Essay Example A great deal of the early history of the American continent has been lost thanks to the annihilation of great Indian nations such as the Susquehanna, forcing us to examine other tribes for clues as to their way of life. In early 17th century, three distinctive groups of Indian tribes, representing three different linguistic stocks, occupied the region that is now Virginia. Along the coast were many settlements of the Algonquian group, the Powhatan confederacy, enemy of the Siouan stock composed of the Monacan and Manahoac groups that spread from the banks of the upper James and the headwaters of the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers to the Allegheny Mountains (UV, 2006). The bellicose and scattered Iroquoian stock was represented by the Conestoga or Susquehanna tribe of about 600 able warriors that lived in palisaded towns to defend themselves from the Massawomeckes. The six Susquehanna towns are Sasquesahanough, Quadroque, Attaock, Tesinigh, Utchowig, and Cepowig; the earlier names obviously conventionalized forms of the original native terms (AG, 2006). Ever since, the Susquehannock apparently had been in good alliance with the Huron. It was probable they migrated to the Susquehanna Valley from the north. The earliest town sites recognized as Susquehannock were sited on the upper Susquehanna River and date from about 1550, but they probably had occupied the region for at least four hundred years before this. Even though they inflicted a major defeat on the Mohawk shortly before 1600, conflicts with the Iroquois had by 1570 forced the Susquehannock south into the lower Susquehanna Valley. Toughened by years of constant warfare, they besieged the Algonquin tribes along the shores of Chesapeake Bay and began extending their control southward. The first European contact with the Susquehannock was in 1608 when Captain John Smith an explorer from Jamestown was traveling the northern end of Chesapeake Bay (Shovel, 2006). The Powhatan also knew the Susquehannock from painful experience, and when the English first established Virginia, the Powhatan had placed their villages well-inland to defend them from Susquehannock war parties that ranged the coastline by canoes. One basis the Powhatan were not completely conflicting to English settlement at first was that they provided additional defense, but the Susquehannock still attacked the Powhatan villages in northern Virginia during 1610 (Cadzow, 1936). III. During the early 1600s, drawn by the potential profits from furs, other Europeans came to the New World. Friendly dealings with the Susquehannock were particularily valuable to the French, not just for the purposes of trade, but because they fascinated the Iroquois between two powerful enemies. Unluckily, the new coalition alarmed Dutch traders on the Hudson River, and they vigorously supported the Mohawk in 1615 against the Susquehannock. Even though they were relatively few in number and isolated by their inland location, the Susquehannock managed to turn out to be an important trading partner with all of the competing European powers. As well handicapped by their

Financial Accounting Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Accounting Theories - Essay Example ..that are taken for granted in current accounting research". Political Economy Theory (PET) is divisable into two broad streams of thinking. One being the Classical Political Economy Theory, the other, Bourgeois Political Economy Theory. For the purpose of this writing the Classical Approach will be the main focus. Classical Political Economy Theory follows the basic ideas of P.E.T, but goes further in its bid to highlight and scrutinise structural conflicts and inadequacies within society. The followers of the Classical approach are of the strong opinion that within society even in these modern and seemingly liberal times, a class divide is still very apparent. This theory is based around the works of such philosophers as Karl Marx and therefore opposes the very basis of the Capitalist system. In the writing of Howieson (2006) it is stated that "a Classical Political Economy places structural conflict, inequality and the role of the state at the heart of the analysis". The Critical Perspective is a branch of the Classical Political Economy Theory. ... Critical theorists do not simply question which methods of accounting should be used, instead they investigate the role accounting as an entity takes within society and cast doubt upon the very underpinnings of the profession. In order to understand the critical theorist's view of unregulated corporate disclosures, the bigger picture of their theory must be investigated. The basis for most of the Critical theorists judgements is based upon the idea that "most rights, opportunities and associated power resides in a small (but perhaps well defined) elite," Deegan (2000). They believe that power is not spread evenly throughout society and is not something one can easily acquire but is instead controlled by this so-called "elite". Included in these elite are those who are already in power and who use this power to remain in such a position while also keeping those without power in a position where they will not be able to achieve power. The Critical view is that these elite will inevitably wish for their own good to maintain the status quo, which is already in existence and is to their benefit. If these powerful individuals were to work towards giving more opportunities to those without power it would decrease their own power level, and, in effect, their social standing. The only people who would benefit from the radical reforms, which would be entailed in the re-distribution of power throughout the various social levels, are those who do not have the ability to bring about those changes. The elite comprises of, the state, those who hold a large capital share in the economy, accountants, accounting researchers, large corporations etc. These groups of powerful people may seem very separate, but, are in fact interlinked in their control of power

A fiction short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A fiction short story - Essay Example At 19, Gregg was 2 months the senior of Cynthia. Having just spent her birthday with her boyfriend of 6 months, Cynthia longed for the day in which they would not have to part and could continue to spend each and every moment together in the bliss she was certain must await the couple. Although neither of the two were especially well versed in life or the complexities which it presented, they felt the zeal and courage that is oftentimes so indicative of individuals their age. The past few days had been spent as it were – magically. Gregg had prepared, organized, and facilitated a weekend away for the couple that involved camping out in a state park within the foothills of the Carolinas. Even though the scenery was of seemingly little value to the star crossed pair, they spent the time they had hiking the footpaths, enjoying each other’s company around the campfire, and generally soaking up the sylvan landscape. As such, the time passed all too quickly and the pair found itself on the way back home to the realities that had driven them to leave in the first place. Along the bumpy of ill-repaired state road that led down from the mountain side, Cynthia let out an audible sigh. Turning to her in between keeping a careful eye on the road, Gregg said, â€Å"Yes babe – what is it?† Instead of turning to look into his eyes, Cynthia stared outwards onto the valleys, and silver lined rivers that glistened in the warm glow of the setting sun. Eventually after what seemed to Gregg like far too long a time for a positive answer to the question he asked, Cynthia said, â€Å"I just – don’t know how much longer we will be able to do this†. Visibly dismayed by such a response, Gregg continued leading his old and beaten down SUV around the narrow twists and turns that led down the mountain. After what seemed to Cynthia as a jarringly short amount of time, Gregg responded by asking â€Å"What do you mean†? This seemed as un necessarily annoying to Cynthia since it was obvious to her that Gregg knew full and well what she meant by such a loaded statement. However, rather than responding in a quick or offensive manner, Cynthia took another deep breath, remembering the perfection that the pair had experienced in the hours before, she thought better of such a snarky response. Instead, she reached for his hand in the empty seat that separated them at the moment. This time, turning from the window, she looked lovingly towards him and said – â€Å"Gregg, you know what I mean. I would love to continue this forever; but you must realize that if we are to do it, we cannot continue to live apart and will need to risk it all to be together†. Without giving her much of a chance to take a breath or to add anything additional to this thought, Gregg blurted out â€Å"But we will – I told you I just have to get a better job so that we will have a way to† She interrupted before he could finis h. â€Å"When will that be? You can’t imagine how hard it is for me to continue to survive the pain and criticism that we are both getting from both sides of our friends and family.† Visibly shaken by her response, Gregg decided that the best way to formulate any further response would be to thoughtfully consider her needs as well as their own prior to answering. Along this line of thought the two passed in silence as the miles passed by beneath their tires. Finally, and almost imperceptibly, Gregg looked to her and said, â€Å"I’m so sorry – I never intended it to be like with us – ya know?† â€Å"Of course I do†

Catholic And Protestant Baroque Overview

Catholic And Protestant Baroque Overview The word Baroque was first applied to the art from the period of the late 1500s to the 1700s, by critics in the late nineteenth century. The word Baroque in no way though, seems to describe the art movement. In Italian the word Baroque means Tortuous medieval pedantry and Portuguese for Deformed pearl. Regardless, Baroque , is primarily associated with religious tensions within Western Christianity, spanning a 200 year time span. A divide had began in the Catholic church and the outcome would see the creation of a new offset of Christianity. In 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. By 1520, Luther has been excommunicated and began a protest movement against the Catholic church. This protest movement would later be called Protestantism. Luther believed that the layperson, or someone who is not a clergyman, was being distanced from the church and understanding the scripture. He advocated hymns as a better way to communicate hard to understand mysteries of the church and made music an integral part of Protestant church services (evansville.edu). The Catholics in response convened the Council of Trent to discuss and consider Luthers Theses. In 1563 the council finished their work and made art an integral part of the process of helping the layperson to understand the scripture. Through a visual and emotional display of the church through art, they hoped to influence as many people as possible to remain faithful to the Catholic Church. This was not only through the funding of paintings, but also in the commissioning of churches with enormous domes, swirling forms, huge spiraled columns, multicolored marble and lavish murals. This new program of renewal, or counter reformation, would see the church commission all types of work that would be both doctrinally correct visually appealing, and emotionally appealing. This unique style, later referred to as Baroque, would start in Italy, but as the century progressed the style would make inroads into the Protestant countries. Baroque would become a style in which painters, sculptors an d architects rummage emotion, movement and variety in their works. The Protestant reformation would be a refresher course on the reality of life for the individual. This would change with the advances of the counter reformation, as the mood of middle age art once again found expression. The mystical, the abstract and the dominance of color over form would serve as an emotional stimulus for everyday people to reconsider the advantage of Catholicism. For some artists this transformation would be easy. The reformation had caused a separation between artist and church, which in turn caused a financial crunch on the already meager living of the typical painter (rice.edu). This new visually intense form of expression took on very different characteristics in different regions of Europe. This is largely in part due to the topics covered at the Council of Trent. In Northern Europe and largely in the Netherlands, the Baroque movement took on a significantly non secular undertone. This is a result of the predominance of the Protestant faith in this region. The advances in techniques are still noticeable in different examples of the Baroque era from Protestant artists, however due to the nature of the Protestant practice the messages are drastically different. Contrary to Catholics of the time, who worshiped in lavish sanctuaries with elaborate services for mass, the Protestants experienced their faith internally. This meant that they enjoyed simple churches and took their religious messages from the bible itself, instead of the imposing Catholic Church (csun.edu). The Protestants had their Reformation and the Catholics had their Counter Reformation. While the Catholics needed to attract viewers with religious art that more significantly impacted onlookers, Protestants would respond with a lack of religious art. Instead they would concentrate, for example, on genre paintings that taught their viewers moral lessons. Compositions from both tended to have more open space. Objects and scenes were in a state of motion to create emotion. They either came out as the viewer or something could fall on the viewer. The motion of these pieces was created through circular or diagonal compositions. On going at this time was a general knowledge that the Earth was in motion, which was a giant conceptual leap to show this aspect of life in art. Some characteristics of baroque was an attention to exact, naturalistic details. Spatial values, such as deep space, fooling the eye and objects being pushed into the viewers space. An integration of architecture, sculpt ure and painting. Stories being portrayed would seem to happen in the space and time of the viewer (smcvt.edu ). One of the more influential Catholic Baroque artists of the time was Caravaggio. His influence on the art of his century would be significant. One of Caravaggios masterpieces is The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (albany.edu). In it three dishonest characters, their faces concealed or turned away, are drawing, dragging and thrusting the cross to which Peter is nailed by the feet with his head put down. The Saint Peter, as portrayed by Caravaggio, cannot be called a martyr. Instead he is an old man, suffering from pang and in fear of death. The obscure, impermeable background attracts the viewers gaze back again to the keenly illuminated people, who remind us that the death of the apostle did not look like a heroic drama, but a hapless and humiliating execution. In Caravaggios The Conversion of Saint Paul (albany.edu), Saint Paul is seen rolling around in the dirt of an old stable This attacked both the prevailing ideas about painting as well as offending the religious sensibilities of the church. Caravaggio sought a way to bring the Catholic faith down from the heavens and make it relevant to the everyday man on the street. Through his paintings he wanted to create a convincing copy of the optical world and use this as a vehicle of spiritual meaning. His so called dark manner would be influential to all later Baroque painting. One of the few northern Europe protestant artists to create religious paintings was Rembrandt. He was from protestant Holland and is well remember for creating about 60 self portraits. Biblical subjects accounted for one third of his entire production. This is quite rare for the Protestant North of the seventeenth century, for church patronage was nonexistent and religious art was not regarded as important. His famous painting, The Return of the Prodigal Son (tiu.edu), was finished shortly before his death in 1669. There is a sense of great tragedy as you gaze upon this work. The contrast between the light and the dark, the two mysterious figures that appear dimly in the background, the woman behind the father and the dishevelment of the younger brother, all contribute to this sense of tragedy. The Baroque styles of Protestant Northern Europe and predominantly Italian Catholic artists are stylistically similar. This comes as no surprise since the techniques originated in Italy. The most notable distinction between the two styles is not the artistic tendencies, but rather the motives or message being conveyed through the paintings. The Catholic Baroque style included vivid imagery that displayed vigorous emotion and incited emotion in those that viewed it. While the Protestant Baroque style used many similar, if not the same techniques; portrayed uniquely intrinsic emotion felt by the artist and brought about emotion not so much through dramatic stimulation, as through sympathetic understanding. The fundamental difference between Protestant Baroque and Catholic Baroque is that Protestant Baroque painters convey subjects in ways that portray the artists personal emotion; while Catholic Baroque painters conveyed visually entertaining and captivating imagery in order to evoke e motions from the person viewing the image.

The War between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I Essay exa

Why did War break out between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I? On the 14th of May 1264, the forces of Simon de Montfort, Gloucester and the Londoners were set arrayed against the loyalist forces of King Henry III, Richard of Cornwall and Prince Edward (later to become King Edward I). The loyalists suffered a massive defeat at this Battle of Lewes and among those captured, aside from Richard of Cornwall and perhaps the King (Prestwich indicates the unsure nature of the King's capture 46), were the northern barons (Scottish lords) of Balliol, Bruce and Comyn. (Jenks 132) Prince Edward also became a hostage as part of an exchange after the battle. These same men who fought together and were held captive by the de Montforts would war against each other thirty years later. King Edward I (whom will be referred to as Edward) was not set on instigating a war against Scotland, nor were any of these Scottish lords interested in battling against such a formidable opponent as England. So why did war occur if none of these men were initially motivated for wa r? A series of unfortunate, but potent events led to the chrysalis of war, which was then allowed to grow and fully develop into a war by the specific actions of individuals. This essay will attempt to draw attention to many of the events which gave rise to war and investigate the complex nature of the individuals who in the end caused war through their acts (intentional and non-intentional). During Henry III's reign the baronial reform movement was renewed once again. The Provisions of Oxford attempted, among other reforms, to "reform the household of the king and queen" (Baker 10), which undoubtedly included the household of the King and Queen's son, Edward. This le... ...tic Scotland and the Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1997) Vickers, K. H. A History of England: (Volume III) England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1937). Webster, B. Scotland from the Eleventh Century to 1603 (London, 1975) *All primary documents from this text come with this preface in mind (especially that which I have bolded): In this volume, as in its predecessor, I have tried to keep both footnotes and editorial comment to a minimum, the only real problem occurring with documents written in the emerging literary English of the period. With most of these I have used modern versions, but one or two I have left in the original, to instance the spelling and form of the language. With these some notes have been necessary, but by and large they are intelligible with a little effort, and should be interesting to read. Such mistakes, as exist are of course, mine.

Comparing Floods

Compare Floods in LEDC and MEDC I am going to discuss two case studies regarding floods. One of my case studies is of Cocker mouth, this is a town in England exposed to floods this is my case study of an MEDC. My other case study is the LEDC in which I talk about Bangladesh. Cocker mouth is situated in the Lake District in England. England is an MEDC and this area experienced vast ranges of flooding during late November. The town lies among the confluence of two rivers that leave it prone to flooding.The two rivers are the Derwent and Cocker. 320mm of rainfall fell in under 24 hours and this was a predicted fall which took the town by surprise. The River Cocker burst its banks after a 2. 5 metre rise in the river water level; this was a major contribution to the flooding as well as the poor preparation of the towns flood defences. Bangladesh is an LEDC bordering the Indian Ocean and it lies at the forefront of the Ganges Delta. The country is low – lying and most of its land i s 12m below sea level.Floods here have recently become stronger. During the arrival of Cyclone Aila flood waters burst the delta causing storm surges of 10 metres! The floods in both Carlisle and Bangladesh caused a lot of problems for both areas. However in contrast, the MEDC (Carlisle) suffered less from the consequences, whereas, the LEDC (Bangladesh) was affected much worse. Heavy rainfall of 200mm fell over Carlisle in a 36 hour period. The constant rainfall increased runoff because soil became saturated, this runoff ended up flowing into the river Eden.Because Carlisle is a largely urban area, concrete ground made from impermeable materials meant that surface runoff increased. There was a lot of discharge from the River Eden which reached 1520 cumecs. In contrast the Bangladeshi volume of precipitation was much higher so the floods were much worse. Very heavy rainfall amounting to 900mm fell over the month of July. Soils all over Bangladesh became saturated, this increased run off into rivers such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra. Snow melted from glaciers in the Himalayas this also increased discharge into rivers.The highest discharge for both of the biggest rivers in the area peaked at the same time, downstream discharge increased hugely. In Carlisle there was less social impact, 3 people died which is minimal compared to the 2000 deaths in Bangladesh. This is a very large amount of people and losing that many people creates a big social impact. 3000 people were made homeless in Carlisle, this is a very large amount of people, they were temporarily re – sheltered and have been re – homed since. In Bangladesh 25 million people were made homeless, many still haven’t been re – homed even in 2012. schools were flooded in the area but for people living in an MEDC there is likely to be more resources of learning available to them e. g. internet and more education centres in other parts of the country. 44 education institutions were de stroyed in Bangladesh, this being a large amount means it is much harder to find other resources for educational purpose, and many people would have to go without it as it is not economically viable for poorer people in LEDCs to move into different parts of the country. 50 businesses were shut down and must have been relocated and 70,000 houses lost power, there was minimal infrastructural damage therefore repairs to the Carlisle area would not have been too expensive compared to the large scale damage in Bangladesh, factories had to shut down so large scale business went down bringing economy to a halt, 112,000 houses were completely destroyed and whole rivers in that area were polluted. The main social effect in Carlisle was the loss of homes and education centres, in Bangladesh it was the loss of homes, education centres and widespread of water borne disease.The main economic problem in Carlisle was that the shops and local businesses on the area had to shut down as they had to e vacuate, in Bangladesh many areas would have become redundant with major business corporations such as TNCs having to be shut down as many factories were destroyed. The main environmental problem in Carlisle was that the sewage overflowed therefore the streets would have been effected and the surrounding area also, in Bangladesh the Rivers became poisoned by sewage and majority of water supplies in the area became undrinkable.In conclusion Carlisle in an MEDC had a less severe flood and because of its more affluent built up area people were affected in less of a tragic manner. Bangladesh LEDC was affected more and the and the outcome was more disastrous. In conclusion, it is apparent that both the MEDC and the LEDC experienced a variety of impacts producing a multiple chain of cost however impact severity was clearly more drastic in the case Bangladesh as it is an LEDC and its emergency plans and general infrastructure is less developed compared to England (MEDC).

John kerry essays

John kerry essays This years Presidential Election is approaching fast, and the polls are closer than ever. This election should prove to be one of the most historic elections in recent memory. John Kerry, who is running for President, plans to make America a more powerful and unified country. The economy, education, and health care are important issues to be looked into for this years election. To lead the United States in solving homeland issues, John Kerry is the best candidate in the 2004 Presidential Election. To begin with, John Kerry and John Edwards are confident that creating more jobs in America will make the economy improve. According to the official John Kerry Website, Kerry Edwards Incorporated, September 28, 2004, it states that Americans are working harder, but earning less. Society is paying for health care, college, taxes, and corporate profits are soaring. The government keeps expanding, but the opportunities for our middle class are decreasing. As President, John Kerry claims he will cut taxes for businesses that create jobs here in America instead of moving employment overseas. Both John Kerry and John Edwards will also stand up for workers by enforcing our trade agreements. Also, when John Kerry is elected for President, middle class taxes will go down. Statistics show that ninety-eight percent of all Americans, and ninety-nine percent of American Businesses will get a tax cut under the Kerry-Edwards plan. Moreover, the Kerry plan is to cut the deficit in half during his first four years in office. When he discovers new ideas, he plans to contribute to the citizens on how he will pay for the new discoveries. Furthermore, today the businesses are finding new technology to manufacture energy-efficient cars, high-grades steel, advanced plastics, and other new products. Among all the new ideas with cars, John Kerry claims that when good paying jobs are created, it shows that America is stronger, and the...

Feminist Literary Criticism Defined

Feminist Literary Criticism Defined Feminist literary criticism (also known as feminist criticism) is the literary analysis that arises from the viewpoint of feminism, ​feminist theory, and/or feminist politics. Critical Methodology A feminist literary critic resists traditional assumptions while reading a text. In addition to challenging assumptions which were thought to be universal, feminist literary criticism actively supports including womens knowledge in literature and valuing womens experiences. The basic methods of feminist literary criticism include: Identifying with female characters: By examining the way female characters are defined, critics challenge the male-centered outlook of authors. Feminist literary criticism suggests that women in literature have been historically presented as objects seen from a male perspective.Reevaluating literature and the world in which literature is read: By revisiting the classic literature, the critic can question whether society has predominantly valued male authors and their literary works because it has valued males more than females. Embodying or Undercutting Stereotypes Feminist literary criticism recognizes that literature both reflects and shapes stereotypes and other cultural assumptions.  Thus, feminist literary criticism examines how works of literature embody patriarchal attitudes or undercut them, sometimes both happening within the same work. Feminist theory and various forms of feminist critique began long before the formal naming of the school of literary criticism. In so-called first-wave feminism, the Womans Bible, written in the late 19th century by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, is an example of a work of criticism firmly in this school, looking beyond the more obvious male-centered outlook and interpretation. PhotoQuest / Getty Images During the period of second-wave feminism, academic circles increasingly challenged the male literary canon. Feminist literary criticism has since intertwined with postmodernism and increasingly complex questions of gender and societal roles. Tools of the Feminist Literary Critic Feminist literary criticism may bring in tools from other critical disciplines, such as historical analysis, psychology, linguistics, sociological analysis, economic analysis, for instance.  Feminist criticism may also look at intersectionality, looking at how factors including race, sexuality, physical ability, and class are also involved. Feminist literary criticism may use any of the following methods: Deconstructing the way that women characters are described in novels, stories, plays, biographies, and histories, especially if the author is maleDeconstructing how ones own gender influences how one reads and interprets a text, and which characters and how the reader identifies depending on the readers genderDeconstructing how women autobiographers and biographers of women treat their subjects, and how biographers treat women who are secondary to the main subjectDescribing relationships between the literary text and ideas about power and sexuality and genderCritique of patriarchal or woman-marginalizing language, such as a universal use of the masculine pronouns he and himNoticing and unpacking differences in how men and women write: a style, for instance, where women use more reflexive language and men use more direct language (example: she let herself in vs. he opened the door)Reclaiming women writers who are little known or have been marginalized or undervalued, sometimes referre d to as expanding or criticizing the canon- the usual list of important authors and works  (Examples include raising up the contributions of early playwright ​Aphra Behn, showing how she was treated differently than male writers from her own time forward, and the retrieval of Zora Neale Hurstons writing by Alice Walker.) Reclaiming the female voice as a valuable contribution to literature, even if formerly marginalized or ignoredAnalyzing multiple works in a genre as an overview of a feminist approach to that genre: for example, science fiction or detective fictionAnalyzing multiple works by a single author (often female)Examining how relationships between men and women and those assuming male and female roles are depicted in the text, including power relationsExamining the text to find ways in which patriarchy is resisted or could have been resisted Feminist literary criticism is distinguished from gynocriticism because feminist literary criticism may also analyze and deconstruct literary works of men. Gynocriticism Gynocriticism, or gynocritics, refers to the literary study of women as writers. It is a critical practice exploring and recording female creativity. Gynocriticism attempts to understand women’s writing as a fundamental part of female reality. Some critics now use â€Å"gynocriticism† to refer to the practice and â€Å"gynocritics† to refer to the practitioners. American literary critic Elaine Showalter coined the term gynocritics in her 1979 essay â€Å"Towards a Feminist Poetics.† Unlike feminist literary criticism, which might analyze works by male authors from a feminist perspective, gynocriticism wanted to establish a literary tradition of women without incorporating male authors. Showalter felt that feminist criticism still worked within male assumptions, while gynocriticism would begin a new phase of women’s self-discovery. Resources and Further Reading Alcott, Louisa May. The Feminist Alcott: Stories of a Womans Power. Edited by Madeleine B. Stern, Northeastern University, 1996.Barr, Marleen S. Lost in Space: Probing Feminist Science Fiction and Beyond. University of North Carolina, 1993.Bolin, Alice. Dead Girls: Essays on Surviving an American Obsession. William Morrow, 2018.Burke, Sally. American Feminist Playwrights: A Critical History. Twayne, 1996.Carlin, Deborah. Cather, Canon, and the Politics of Reading. University of Massachusetts, 1992.Castillo, Debra A. Talking Back: Toward a Latin American Feminist Literary Criticism. Cornell University, 1992.Chocano, Carina. You Play the Girl. Mariner, 2017.Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, editors. Feminist Literary Theory and Criticism: A Norton Reader. Norton, 2007.Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, editors. Shakespeares Sisters: Feminist Essays on Women Poets. Indiana University, 1993.Lauret, Maria. Liberating Literature: Feminist Fiction in America. Routledge, 1994.Lavigne, C arlen. Cyberpunk Women, Feminism and Science Fiction: A Critical Study. McFarland, 2013. Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Penguin, 2020.Perreault, Jeanne. Writing Selves: Contemporary Feminist Autography. University of Minnesota, 1995.Plain, Gill, and Susan Sellers, editors. A History of Feminist Literary Criticism. Cambridge University, 2012.Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson, editors. De/Colonizing the Subject: The Politics of Gender in Womens Autobiography. University of Minnesota, 1992. This article was edited and with significant additions by Jone Johnson Lewis

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Essay

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Management) - Essay Example Firstly, the majority of existing inquiries studied the issue within formal organizational setting while Van Dyne and colleagues examined organizational citizenship of residents in a housing cooperative setting where roles were not influenced by traditional employee-employer work relationships. Secondly, the study not only looked at the mere relationship between collectivism and propensity to trust and OC, but also explored the process that links the antecedents to OC. Van Dyne identified one mediator (Organization-based self-esteem) and one moderator (organizational tenure) to provide insight into the process that links these antecedents with organizational citizenship. The study involved almost 1500 participants, was conducted in two stages with 6 months between them. During the first stage the authors measured collectivism, propensity to trust, organization-based self-esteem, and the control variables using specific questionnaires. The second stage was dedicated to measuring the dependent variable, organizational citizenship. The results largely supported Van Dyne’s hypotheses and demonstrated that in non-formal organizational setting individual differences between participants (collectivism and propensity to trust) have substantial influence on OC. In particular, the authors discovered that after accounting for the effects of the main control variables including national citizenship, cooperative, and in-role behavior, both hypothesized antecedents positively correlated with subsequent OCB measured six months later. Besides, the role of organizational-based self-esteem (OBSE) as valid mediator of the effects of collectivism and propensity to trust on OC was confirmed, while organizational tenure moderated the relationship between the propensity to trust and self-esteem. Interestingly, tenure was not found to moderate the relationship between collectivism and OBSE. Usefulness analysis carried

Pricing strategy of Southwest airline in the US Essay

Pricing strategy of Southwest airline in the US - Essay Example Due to intense competition from other competitors, Southwest airline should project its image carefully such that it differentiates its services from those of the competitors (Simmons, 2008). It should position itself as a point to point short haul carrier. The airline should offer separate check-in areas that offer snacks, drinks, internet access, nap rooms and even showers. While on board, a seat should be a flat bed seat that can recline to 180 degrees- parallel to the floor and one that can guarantee good sleep. The passengers should be served with menus with wide choices. More so, they should consider offering pre-order services where one can place an order before flying. Entertainment for elite business class should also be exceptional probably with a television fixed to the passenger seat or passenger offered with DVD players at will. In addition, passengers should be availed with internet access such that they can still transact businesses even when on board. Considering that everyone is cost sensitive, Southwest airlines should embrace a pricing strategy that offers competitive prices for its target market. It should not only compete with other airlines, but also with other forms of transport. For instance, a wealthy business executive may have a number of options such as either board a hired aircraft, top of range motor vehicle, or use the airline; all offering similar services, but ends up using the airline after considering the cost factor. However, the airline should ensure that it offers the facilities needed.